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Year: 2019


Agnieszka Nomejko, Grażyna Dolińska - Zygmunt
Psychospołeczne predyktory satysfakcji seksualnej polskich kobiet i mężczyzn 50+

Abstract:

Zgodnie z założeniami modelu holistyczno‑funkcjonalnego, człowiek w toku życia może adaptować siędo zmian, zachowując zdrowie. Obiektywny ubytek zdrowia seksualnego w okresie średniej i późnej dorosłości, nie musi prowadzić do obniżenia satysfakcji seksualnej – subiektywnego wymiaru zdrowia. Głównym celem prezentowanych badań było określenie poziomu satysfakcji seksualnej i wyłonienie psychospołecznych predyktorów zadowolenia z życia seksualnego osób w okresie średniej i późnej dorosłości. W badaniu wzięło udział 67 kobiet i 45 mężczyzn w wieku 51‑70 lat, w związkach o stażu do 42 lat. Zastosowano Kwestionariusze: Satysfakcji Seksualnej, Atrakcyjności Psychofizycznej, Praktyk Seksualnych, Komunikacji Małżeńskiej i Partnerskiej. Osoby badane charakteryzował przeciętny poziom satysfakcji seksualnej. Wszystkie analizowane zmienne pozostawały w związku z satysfakcją seksualną. Model wyłoniony dla kobiet podkreślił znaczenie urozmaicenia i nasilenia praktyk seksualnych (gra wstępna i akt seksualny) oraz samooceny jakości komunikacji w bliskim związku dla zadowolenia z życia seksualnego. W grupie mężczyzn predyktorami satysfakcji seksualnej okazały się samoocena atrakcyjności sprawności i witalności fizycznej, ocena jakości komunikacji partnerki i urozmaicenie oraz nasilenie praktyk seksualnych związanych ze stymulacją genitaliów.

According to the assumptions of the holistic‑functional model, in the course of their life, humans can adapt to changes, remaining healthy. An objective decline of sexual health in the period of middle and late adulthood doesn’t need to lead to reduction of sexual satisfaction – a subjective dimension of health. The main objective of the research presented here was to define the level of sexual satisfaction and determine psychosocial predictors of sexual satisfaction among people in the period of middle and late adulthood. 67 women and 45 men, aged 51 to 70, participated in the research, in relationships of the duration up to 42 years. The following questionnaires were applied: Sexual Satisfaction, Psychophysical Attractiveness, Sexual Practices, Marriage and Partner Relationship Communication. The researched sample was characterized by an average level of sexual satisfaction. The model determined for women undermined the importance of variety and intensity of certain sexual practices (foreplay and the sex act), as well as self‑assessment of the quality of communication in a close relationship for satisfaction with sex life. In the group of men, the predictors of sexual satisfaction turned out to be self‑assessment of physical fitness and vitality attractiveness, assessment of the quality of partner’s communication, as well as variety and intensity of sexual practices related to stimulating genitals.


key words: satysfakcja seksualna, rozwój seksualny, atrakcyjność psychofizyczna, praktyki seksualne, małżeństwo i partner, komunikacja w związku; sexual satisfaction, sexual development, psychophysical attractiveness, sexual practices, marriage and partner relationship communication



Aleksandra Słowińska
Skala Samooceny Ciała dla Adolescentów i Dorosłych (BESAA) - polska adaptacja metody

Abstract:

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie właściwości psychometrycznych polskiej wersji Skali Samooceny Ciała dla Adolescentów i Dorosłych (BESAA) autorstwa Beverley K. Mendelson, Mortona J. Mendelsona i Donny R. White. BESAA jest narzędziem umożliwiającym pomiar oceny własnego ciała i wyglądu. Zbudowana jest z trzech podskal: samooceny wyglądu (ogólne odczucia dotyczące własnego wyglądu), samooceny wagi (satysfakcja z własnej wagi) i przypisanej oceny wyglądu (przekonania na temat ocen własnego wyglądu formułowanych przez innych). W badaniach walidacyjnych polskiej wersji wzięło udział 498 późnych adolescentów i 603 młodych dorosłych. Uzyskane wyniki są zbliżone do wyników badań walidacyjnych oryginalnej wersji. Pozwalają uznać, że polska wersja BESAA jest trafnym i rzetelnym narzędziem, które może być stosowane w badaniach naukowych.



key words: wizerunek ciała, obraz ciała, samoocena ciała, samoocena wagi



Marta Kowal, Piotr Sorokowski
How to convince people to comply with health recommendations during COVID - 19 outbreak

Abstract:

Letter to Editor

The current situation is exceptional in terms of a social and economic crisis that the entire world is facing (Karwowski et al., 2020; Sorokowski et al., 2020). Undoubtedly, it is in everyone’s best interest to contain the further spread of the novel coronavirus (SARS‑CoV‑2). This may be achieved by complying with the recommendations of doctors and experts, such as maintaining social distancing. However, one does not need to look far for examples of violations of coronavirus health recommendations (Horowitz & Bubola, 2020; Jones, 2020). So the question arises, why do some people choose not to comply, and critically, how can we effectively convey messages and convince people to actually listen to health advice? The answer to this question seems particularly important for you, Readers and Authors, who, as scientists, doctors, officials, and experts, often appear in the media and give advice, and by doing so, have the greatest opportunity to appeal to the public (Abu‑Akel et al., 2020). Indeed, with knowledge on increasing persuasiveness of communications, you may not only be heard, but also be listened to.



key words:


Year: 2018


Ryszard Poprawa
Kwestionariusz Oczekiwanych Efektów Używania Alkoholu. Zmodyfikowana polska adaptacja.

Abstract:
Oczekiwania efektów używania alkoholu są ważnym bezpośrednim wyznacznikiem zaangażowania w picie alkoholu. Celem artykułu była polska adaptacja Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol Questionnaire (CEAQ). Tłumaczenie oryginalnego narzędzia i ocena przez ekspertów doprowadziła do rozbudowania jego polskiej wersji. Badania walidacyjne przeprowadzono na próbie 217 młodych, dorosłych kobiet (43,32%) i mężczyzn
(56,68%), o średniej wieku 21,59 lat. Trafność kryterialną badano Skalą Używania Alkoholu i Skalą Efektów Picia Alkoholu oraz analizując różnice międzypłciowe. Eksploracyjna analiza czynnikowa wyodrębniła sześć rodzajów oczekiwań: 1) poczucie mocy, odwagi i pewności siebie, 2) ryzykowne zachowania, 3) osłabienie poznawcze i behawioralne, 4) pogorszenie samopoczucia, 5) redukcja napięcia, 6) otwartość i towarzyskość. Zmodyfikowana polska wersja CEAQ jest rzetelnym i trafnym narzędziem pomiaru oczekiwanych efektów picia alkoholu.
 
Expectations of alcohol use effects are an important direct determinant of involvement in alcohol drinking. The aim of the article was the Polish adaptation of the Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol Questionnaire (CEAQ). Translation of the original tool and evaluation by experts led to the development of its Polish version. Validation studies were conducted on a sample of 217 young adults, women (43.32%) and men (56.68%), with an average age of 21.59 years. The criterion validity was examined by the Scale of Alcohol Use and the Scale of Alcohol Drinking Effects and by analyzing gender differences. The exploratory factor analysis has identified six types of expectations: 1) a sense of power, courage and confidence, 2) risky behavior, 3) cognitive and behavioral impairment, 4) deterioration of well‑being, “moral hangover”, 5) tension reduction,6) openness and sociability. The modified Polish version of CEAQ is a reliable and validate tool for measuring the expected effects of drinking alcohol.


key words: oczekiwania efektów, używanie alkoholu, pomiar; alcohol expectancies, alcohol use, measurement



Justyna Śniecińska, Kinga Lachowicz - Tabaczek
Poziom samooceny ucznia a indywidualizacja procesu nauczania

Abstract:
Indywidualizacja procesu nauczania staje się jednym z ważniejszych zadań stojących współcześnie przed nauczycielami. Zazwyczaj jednak konkretne wskazówki, dotyczące sposobu pracy z uczniem, odnoszą się do posiadanego przez niego poziomu określonych zdolności. Okazuje się jednak, że równie ważne może być dostosowywanie metod pracy do osobowości uczniów. Celem artykułu jest pokazanie, jak poziom samooceny uczniów może przekładać się na ich sposób funkcjonowania w szkole, a dokładniej na ich motywację i zaangażowanie w realizację zadań, aktywność w czasie zajęć oraz reakcje na osiągnięcia i niepowodzenia szkolne. Odnosząc się do charakterystyk osób o wysokiej i niskiej samoocenie, proponujemy działania, jakie może podjąć nauczyciel, by umożliwić każdej z grup uczniów efektywniejsze korzystanie z własnych możliwości i zdolności.
Background. Individualization of teaching is among the most important tasks of teachers today. However, hitherto, precise suggestions on how to individualize the methods of teaching primarily considered the level of a pupil’s abilities or talents. Individualization should embrace a pupil’s personality as well because school achievements are conditioned by not only the level of capabilities but also personality traits. Aims. In this article, propose some suggestions for teachers on how to individualize the teaching methods considering students’ self‑esteem level.
Methods. First, based on different studies on the consequences of low and high self‑esteem, we suggest how students’ self‑esteem level might influence their school functioning, including the level of their motivation and engagement in task execution, activity during lessons, and their reactions to school achievements and failures. Then, based on the characteristics of low and high self‑esteem individuals, we propose how to accommodate the ways of supporting each group of pupils in a most effective use of their abilities and skills.
Conclusions. Based on existing studies, we argue that there are no differences between low and high self‑esteem students in their capabilities, but there can be large differences in their school functioning. At the same time, we show that possessing high as well as low self‑esteem may hinder gaining knowledge and developing skills in a different way. Thus, creating favorable conditions for each group of pupils to learn and develop knowledge and skills is of great value. Especially, given that teachers’ expectancies could influence a learner’s school success.


key words: samoocena, indywidualizacja procesu nauczania; self‑esteem, individualization of education process



Dorota Kanafa - Chmielewska, Bogna Bartosz
Poczucie kontroli w sferze osobistej, interpersonalnej i socjopolitycznej, nastawienie na stałość lub zmienność a oceny na studiach

Abstract:
Celem prezentowanych badań jest ustalenie związków pomiędzy poczuciem kontroli a nastawieniem na stan lub mistrzostwo oraz rzeczywistymi osiągnięciami, których wskaźnikami są oceny na studiach w dwóch grupach studentów (N=112 i N=105), studiujących na różnych uczelniach w różnej wielkości miastach. Poczucie kontroli mierzono SOC – 3 D. Paulhus’a, a nastawienie na stan vs mistrzostwo przy pomocy trzech metod C. Dweck: Theories of Intelligence Scale‑Self Form For Adults, Implicit Theories of Others’ Morality for Adults oraz Questionnaire Goal Choice Items. Polską adaptację metod za zgodą Autorów przeprowadziła D.Kanafa‑Chmielewska. Oceny semestralne zostały dostarczone przez studentów. Z funkcjonowaniem zadaniowym na studiach, wyrażającym się ocenami, związek mają następujące czynniki jednostkowe: poczucie kontroli w trzech sferach, nastawienie na stan lub mistrzostwo oraz wiek. Dalsze badania nad poczuciem kontroli i nastawieniem na stan lub mistrzostwo wymagają uwzględnienia czynników systemowych obecnych w środowisku, w którym jednostka dąży do realizacji swoich celów. Przedstawione badania mogą mieć konsekwencje poznawcze i praktyczne. Ujawnione zależności wzbogacają wiedzę na temat poczucia kontrolii nastawienia na stan lub mistrzostwo. Przedstawione metody mogą być użyte do dalszych badań wśród osób polskojęzycznych. Wyniki mogą stanowić materiał porównawczy w pracy terapeutycznej i treningowej.
 
 
The objective of the presented research is to determine the interrelations between the sense of control and the fixed or growth mindset, and the actual achievements indicated by virtue of the grades obtained during studies by two groups of students (N=112 and N=105), attending study programmes in different higher education institutions in various size cities. The sense of control has been measured by virtue of Paulhus’ SOC – 3 D scale, whereas the fixed versus growth mindset using three methods by C. Dweck: Theories of Intelligence Scale‑‑Self Form For Adults, Implicit Theories of Others’ Morality for Adults and Questionnaire Goal Choice Items. The Polish adaptation of the methods, following a consent obtained from the Authors, has been performed by D. Kanafa‑Chmielewska. The end‑of‑semester grades have been provided by the students. The task‑oriented functioning while studying, demonstrated by virtue of grades, is connected with the following individual factors: the sense of control in three spheres, fixed or growth mindset, as well as age. Further research with respect to the sense of control and fixed or growth mindset requires taking into consideration the systemic factors present in the environment in which an individual strives to achieve their targets. The presented research could have cognitive and practical consequences. The revealed dependencies increase the knowledge of the sense of control and the fixed or growth mindset. The presented methods may be used for conducting further research amongst Polish speaking participants. The results could constitute comparative material in therapeutic and training‑based work.


key words: zewnętrzna‑wewnętrzna kontrola, teorie dotyczące własnej osoby, osiągnięcia studentów; Internal‑External Control, Self‑Theories, Student Achievements



Henryk Jarosiewicz
Activity Type and Career Constructing

Abstract:
 
Celem artykułu jest psychologiczna analiza gier językowych (Wittgenstein, 1958) oraz ich wykorzystanie w doradztwie kariery. Nawiązując do koncepcji typów psychologicznych C. Junga (Jung, 1946), autor zbudował model teoretyczny, w obrębie którego gry językowe są rozumiane jako wyraz typowej aktywności podmiotu. W drugiej części artykułu, w nawiązaniu do koncepcji konstruowania kariery M. Savickasa (Savickas M. L., Constructing Careeers: Actor, Agent and Author, 2011), autor opisuje cztery typy aktywności: aktora, uczestnika, autora i realizatora. Pokazuje, w jaki sposób wykorzystać gry językowe w diagnozie typu aktywności i w procesie rekonstrukcji obrazu siebie, a także, jak wyjść poza ograniczenia języka. Zwraca uwagę na znaczenie obrazu i swoistego „języka wyboru” w pracy z klientem na przykładzie Obrazkowego Testu Zawodów M. Achtnicha.
 
This paper focuses on the psychological analysis of language games (Wittgenstein, 1958) and their use in career counseling. Having reached to the concept of psychological types described by Carl Jung (Jung, 1946), the author constructed a theoretical model, in which language games are understood as the expression of subject’s typical activity. In the second part of this article, referring to the concept of career construction proposed by Mark Savickas (Savickas M. L., Constructing Careeers: Actor, Agent and Author, 2012) the author describes four activity types: actor, agent, author and doer. He instructs how to use language games to diagnose an activity type, reconstruct the self‑concept and go beyond language limits. He illustrates the significance of an image and a specific “language of choice” in the work with client by the method of the Vocational Picture Test (VPT) invented by Martin Achtnich.


key words: Gry językowe, typy aktywności, konstruowanie kariery, język wyboru, obrazkowy test zawodów M. Achtnicha; Language games, activity types, career constructing, language of choice, Achtnich’s Vocational Picture Test



Marcin Leśniak, Patryk Mazurkiewicz, Wojciech Czepiel, Joanna Seniow
Amnestic Syndrome Following Surgical Transection of Fornix: A Single Case Study with Short-Term Follow-up

Abstract:

Artykuł opisuje przypadek 25‑letniej kobiety, u której wystąpił ciężki zespół amnestyczny po operacji torbieli koloidowej trzeciej komory mózgu. Pooperacyjne badanie radiologiczne ujawniło obustronne przecięcie sklepienia – wiązki włókien łączących struktury limbiczne zaangażowane w procesy pamięci. Wstępna, szczegółowa ocena neuropsychologiczna wykazała obecność niepamięci następczej jako izolowanego zaburzenia poznawczego. Chora uczestniczyła w programie rehabilitacji, który obejmował indywidualne i grupowe sesje treningu poznawczego. Zaobserwowano znaczącą poprawę funkcjonalną w trakcie sześciu tygodni zdrowienia wspomaganego rehabilitacją poznawczą, jednak ilościowe miary w postaci wyników testowych nie w pełni ją odzwierciedlały. Niniejsza praca przyczynia się do wzmocnienia istniejących dowodów na kluczową rolęsklepienia w procesach pamięciowych. Omówione zostały także praktyczne i teoretyczne problemy związane z oceną funkcjonalną w tego typu przypadkach klinicznych.

We describe the case of a 25‑year‑old female, who developed severe amnestic syndrome following surgical removal of a third‑ventricle colloid cyst. Postoperative radiological examination revealed bilateral transection of fornix – a bundle of fibers which connects limbic structures involved in memory. Extensive initial neuropsychological assessment revealed anterograde memory impairment as an isolated cognitive disorder. The rehabilitation program comprised both individual and group cognitive training sessions. Significant functional improvement was observed during six weeks of recovery supported by rehabilitation. However, these improvements were not fully reflected in the quantitative measures. The study contributes to the growing evidence regarding the crucial role of the fornix in memory. Practical and theoretical issues related to functional assessment are discussed.


key words: zespół amnestyczny, sklepienie, ocena neuropsychologiczna, rehabilitacja poznawcza; amnestic syndrome, fornix, neuropsychological assessment, cognitive rehabilitation


Year: 2017


Jolanta Kociuba
Actor and identity. Actor's psychological sense of identity

Abstract:
Artykuł stanowi próbę zrozumienia zjawiska poczucia tożsamości jednostki poprzez psychologiczną interpretację fenomenu „bycia aktorem”. Zastosowano oryginalne podejście do badania zjawiska koncepcji siebie, którego twórcą jest kanadyjski psycholog Rene L`Ecuyer. Metoda ta pozwala badać zjawisko koncepcji siebie w perspektywie rozwojowej, od dzieciństwa do starości. Jest metodą typu idiograficznego, za której pomocą otrzymuje się dane natury jakościowej i ilościowej. Badania empiryczne prezentowane w tym artykule zostały przeprowadzone w środowisku aktorów zawodowych oraz studentów szkół teatralnych. Wyniki badań ukazują różnice w koncepcji siebie w obydwu grupach osób badanych. Różnice te przejawiają się w liczbie wypowiedzi zaklasyfikowanych do struktur, podstruktur i kategorii, dotyczących koncepcji siebie oraz w stopniu ważności poszczególnych dymensji. W grupie aktorów zawodowych zmianie ulega hierarchia ważności dymensji koncepcji siebie. W badaniach zidentyfikowano dwie formy rozwoju koncepcji siebie. Pierwsza forma to faza rozwoju, druga – to poziom rozwoju koncepcji siebie, który autorka proponuje nazwać poziomem poczucia tożsamości.
 
The article adopts an original approach to studying the phenomenon of the concept of “self” whose creator is the Canadian psychologist Rene L`Ecuyer. This is an idiographic method which generates data of both a quantitative and qualitative nature. The empirical studies presented in this article have been done in the milieu of professional actors and among students of theatrical schools. The results of the studies show differences in self concept in both groups. The differences between the group of students and the group of actors are of a qualitative nature and concern the number of utterances in the categories of structures, substructures and self-concept and the degree of importance of certain dimensions. In the group of actors, a difference in the hierarchy of importance of the dimension of self-concept is established. Two kinds of differences verify the hypothesis on the development of self-concept. The first is the phase of development, and the second – the level of development of self concept which the authoress suggests calling the level of the sense of identity.


key words: aktor, tożsamość, analiza jakościowa; actor, identity, qualitative analysis



Barbara Mróz
Longitudinal research into purpose in life in outstanding Polish actors

Abstract:
Badania podłużne w obszarze osobowości i aksjologii mają za zadanie stwierdzać jakie różnice, podobieństwa i zmiany zaszły w tych obszarach. Artykuł podejmuje temat charakteru zmian w poczuciu sensu życia w oparciu o prezentację autorskiego Modelu Osobowościowo-Aksjologicznego (MOA) w grupie dwóch pokoleń aktorów polskich. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań podłużnych i zastosowanych analiz stwierdzono istnienie wpływu zmiennych pochodzących z obszaru kompetencji, relacji i autonomii (składowe MOA), na sfery poczucia sensu życia (afirmacja życia, akceptacja siebie, świadomość celu, poczucie wolności, ocena przyszłości, stosunek wobec śmierci). Ciekawym zagadnieniem okazała się sama zawartość i poziom podobieństw i różnic w obrębie dwóch różnych generacji aktorów. Uzyskane wyniki w tym zakresie przyczyniły się do poszerzenia wiedzy na temat rozwoju człowieka twórczego.
 
The aim of longitudinal research into personality and axiology is to detect what differences, similarities and changes have occurred in these areas over a period of time. The article examines the character of changes in purpose in life in two generations of Polish actors on the basis of the author’s Personality and Axiological Model (MOA). The longitudinal studies and analyses conducted confirmed the influence of variables related to competence, relationships and autonomy (MOA components) on purpose in life spheres (affirmation of life, self-acceptance, goal orientation, sense of freedom, outlook for the future, attitude to death, univariate model). The study produced interesting results in the character and level of similarities and differences between two different generations of actors, which gives insight into the development of a creative person.
 


key words: badania podłużne, kompetencje, relacje, autonomia, poczucie sensu życia; longitudinal studies, competence, relationships, autonomy, sense of life quality



Małgorzata Gocman
Temperament traits and preferences of music works with specific musical elements

Abstract:
Celem badania było sprawdzenie związków pomiędzy cechami temperamentu wyodrębnionymi przez Pawłowa a preferencjami utworów składających się z określonych elementów muzycznych. W badaniu wzięło udział 145 studentów, w wieku 19-26 lat. W celu określenia cech temperamentu badani wypełnili Kwestionariusz Temperamentu PTS. W celu określenia preferowanego utworu badani wypełnili Kwestionariusz Preferencji Muzycznych. Analiza statystyczna wykazała, że wszystkie cechy temperamentu wyodrębnione przez Pawłowa wykazują związek z określonymi elementami zawartymi w utworach muzycznych preferowanych przez badanych. Elementy, które okazały się istotne w badaniu to: tempo, zmiany tempa, wartości rytmiczne w stosunku do podstawy metrycznej, liczba tematów melodycznych, obsada wykonawcza i metrum. Uzyskane wyniki są zgodne z badaniami pokazującymi wpływ cech temperamentu (związanych z zapotrzebowaniem na stymulację) na preferencje muzyczne.
 
The objective of the research was to check the relationship between temperament traits as classified by Pavlov and preferences for works of music containing specified musical elements. 145 students aged 19-26 took part in the study. The respondents completed the Pavlovian Temperament Survey and a Music Preferences Form. Statistical analysis showed that all the temperament traits classified by Pavlov were related to musical elements contained in the subjects’ chosen pieces of music. The following proved to be significant in regard to the subjects’ musical preferences: Tempo, Changes in Tempo, Rhythm Values in Relation to Metrical Basis, Number of Melodic Themes, Scale of Performance, and Meter. The results are consistent with studies indicating the impact of temperament traits (related to the need for stimulation) on music preferences.


key words: cechy temperamentu, zapotrzebowanie na stymulację, preferencje muzyczne, elementy muzyczne;temperament traits, need for stimulation, music preferences, musical elements



Małgorzata Kuśpit
Creative attitude and understanding of emotions by artistically-gifted students

Abstract:
Celem badań było określenie wzajemnych zależności pomiędzy postawą twórczą a rozumieniem emocji przez uczniów uzdolnionych plastycznie. W badaniach posłużono się Kwestionariuszem Twórczego Zachowania (KANH) S. Popka oraz Testem Rozumienia Emocji (TRE) A. Matczak, J. Piekarskiej. Badania empiryczne przeprowadzono w szkołach plastycznych na terenie Polski. Objęły one 271 osób (dziewcząt i chłopców) w wieku 15-18 lat. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników badań stwierdzono, że istnieją zależności pomiędzy postawą twórczą a rozumieniem emocji w badanej grupie uczniów. Im wyższy poziom postawy twórczej oraz nonkonformizmu i zachowań heurystycznych, tym większa zdolność rozumienia emocji przez uczniów uzdolnionych plastycznie.
 
The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between creative attitude and the understanding of emotions by artistically-gifted students. The study used the Creative Behaviour Questionnaire (KANH) by S. Popek and the Emotion Understanding Test (EUT) by A. Matczak and J. Piekarska. The empirical research was conducted in art schools in Poland. It included 271 people (girls and boys) of 15-18 years of age. Based on the results that were obtained it was concluded that there are dependencies between creative attitude and the understanding of emotions in the group of students in the study. The higher the level of the creative attitude and non-conformist and heuristic behaviors, the greater the ability the artistically-gifted students had to understand emotions.


key words: postawa twórcza, postawa odtwórcza, rozumienie emocji, inteligencja emocjonalna;creative attitude, reconstructive attitude, understanding emotions, emotional intelligence



Agata Chudzicka-Czupała, Damian Grabowski, Agnieszka Wilczyńska
Mobbing and discrimination in companies. The importance of prevention

Abstract:
Autorzy tego artykułu poszukiwali odpowiedzi na pytanie o to, jaką rolę odgrywa wewnętrzna polityka firmy i postawa zarządu w zakresie walki z mobbingiem i dyskryminacją. Zbadano pracowników dwóch przedsiębiorstw – 34,7% załogi dużej zagranicznej firmy produkcyjnej (201 osób) i 54,5% załogi średniej polskiej firmy usługowej (110 osób). W badaniu posłużono się metodą kwestionariuszową. Przeprowadzono też analizę jakościową danych, uzyskanych na podstawie wywiadów z pracownikami i obserwacji. Wyniki koncentrują się na porównaniu badanych przedsiębiorstw. Odnoszą się one do rodzajów i częstotliwości zachowań o charakterze mobbingu i dyskryminacji oraz do reakcji zarządu obydwu firm na otrzymane raporty.
 
The authors of this paper sought to determine the role of companies’ internal policy and of the position of their management boards with regard to the fight against mobbing and discrimination. Employees at two companies were studied: 34.7% of the staff of a large foreign manufacturing company (201 people) and 54.5% of the staff of a medium-sized Polish service provider company (110 people). The research used the questionnaire method. A qualitative analysis was also performed on the data obtained on the basis of interviews with the employees and of observation. The results focus on a comparison of the two companies in the study. They refer to the types and frequencies of behavior bearing the hallmarks of mobbing and discrimination as well as to the reactions of the two companies’ management boards to the reports they received.


key words: mobbing, dyskryminacja, prewencja mobbingu, klimat organizacji, kodeks etyczny;mobbing, discrimination, mobbing prevention, organizational climate, ethical code



Katarzyna Ślebarska
Proactive coping as a kind of creative adaptation to a new workplace

Abstract:
Proaktywny wymiar zachowań ludzi zakorzeniony jest w ich potrzebie wpływania i kontrolowania otoczenia. Człowiek woli bowiem podejmować aktywne i twórcze działanie niż tylko przeciwdziałać. Dynamika rynku pracy wymaga od jednostki większej samodzielności i proaktywności. Zachodzące zmiany generują zapotrzebowanie na łatwo „adaptujących się” pracowników. Celem podjętych badań było zatem zbadanie proaktywnego radzenia sobie pracowników w nowym miejscu pracy oraz osiąganych przez nich wyników adaptacyjnych, jak odczuwany dobrostan. Badaniami objęci zostali nowo zatrudnieni pracownicy (N=172), którzy wyrazili zgodę na udział w potrójnym pomiarze (pretest i podwójny posttest) w przeciągu pierwszych sześciu miesięcy w nowym miejscu zatrudnienia. Uzyskane wyniki wskazały związek proaktywnego radzenia sobie z mniejszymi kosztami emocjonalnymi. Dodatkowo, wyniki wskazały na moderujący efekt statusu sprzed zatrudnienia (pracujący-bezrobotny) na badaną relację.
 
The proactive dimension of human behavior is rooted in one’s need to create and control the environment. Individuals prefer to do things actively and creatively rather than being counteractive. The dynamics of the job market demand that individuals are increasingly independent and proactive, can easily adapt to change, and create their own future. This way of understanding a newcomer’s activity corresponds to proactive coping. The main goal of this study was to investigate the role of proactive coping of workers in a new workplace and in job adaptation outcomes, namely well-being. Data was collected from newly employed workers (N = 172) who agreed to participate in the study within a longitudinal evaluation design (one pre-test and a double post-test) during their first six months in a new workplace. Overall, the study demonstrates that proactive coping improves the adaptation of new employees, costing them less emotionally as they adjust to their new workplace. Additionally, the employees’ pre-entry experience (previously unemployed vs previously employed) moderated the relation between the analyzed variables.
 


key words: proaktywne radzenie sobie, adaptacja, koszty emocjonalne, nowi pracownicy;proactive coping, job adaptation, emotional costs, new employees



Karolina Pietras
Who is contemporary artist?Social representation of the artist among visual art student

Abstract:
Artykuł prezentuje zastosowanie analizy pól semantycznych w celu zrekonstruowania reprezentacji współczesnego artysty wśród studentów sztuk wizualnych. 124 studentów Wydziału Sztuki Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego w Krakowie oraz Akademii Sztuk Pięknych w Krakowie odpowiedziało na otwarte pytanie: Kim jest artysta w naszych czasach? Uzyskany materiał jakościowy pozwolił na nakreślenie pola semantycznego czyli ekwiwalentów, opozycji, określeń, asocjacji, działań podmiotu oraz działań wobec podmiotu, z którymi pojęcie artysty jest utożsamiane w percepcji przyszłych twórców. W artykule przedstawiono, wnioski, implikacje praktyczne i przyszłe kierunki badań.
 
The paper presents the application of semantic field analysis to the reconstruction of the social representation of the contemporary artist among visual arts students. 124 students from the Faculty of Art of the Pedagogical University of Cracow and the Academy of Fine Arts in Krakow answered an openended question: Who is the artist in our time? The narrative material was used to reconstruct the equivalents, opposites, attributes, associations, activities of the subject and activities on the subject which constitute the semantic field of the concept “contemporary artist”. The conclusions, practical implications and direction for future studies are presented.


key words: reprezentacja artysty, percepcja społeczna, analiza pól semantycznych, studenci sztuk wizualnych;social representation of artist, social perception, semantic field analysis, visual arts students


Year: 2016


Zdenka Stránská, Ivana Poledňová, Tereza Koběrská
Forms of Social Conflicts in Schoolchildren as Perceived by the Children’s Teachers

Abstract:
Our article deals with social conflicts in “troubled” schoolchildren from the perspective of their teachers.Using Behaviour Assessment System for Children – Teacher Rating Scale (Czech method), a total of 92 schoolchildren have been tested. All the children were identified by their teachers as having behavioural difficulties. The children with behavioural difficulties have been found to engage especially in peer-related social conflicts, which involved negative relationships with classmates and aggressive behaviour, particularly in the younger children (1st to 5th grade of compulsory education). The relevant personality traits included a higher tendency to lie, higher levels of emotional reactivity, and a negative attitude towards one’s own behaviour. Based on the results, a recommendation is given to teachers working with children with behavioural difficulties, to aid prevention and render psychological counselling.


key words: social conflicts, behavioural difficulties, personality traits, emotional reactivity, psychological counselling



Danuta Borecka-Biernat
Cognitive and emotional determinants for destructive coping strategies by junior high school students in a social conflict situation

Abstract:
My research purpose was to evaluate the contribution of self-evaluation, the locus of control and emotions in generating destructive coping strategies by junior high school students in a social conflict situation. I used the proprietary questionnaire to test adolescents’ coping strategies(KSMK), Selfevaluation Scale (SES) by M. Rosenberg, the Locus of Control Questionnaire (KBPK) by G. Krasowicz and A. Kurzyp-Wojnarska, and the Three-Factor Inventory of Personality States and Traits (TISCO) by C. Spielberger and K. Wrześniewski. Empirical studies were carried out in junior high schools in Wroclaw and the surrounding area. They involved 893 adolescents (468 girls and 425 boys) aged 13‒15. I stated in my research that low self-evaluation of a young man’s abilities, a strong con-viction about the impact others have on positive or negative consequences of events and reacting with fear and anger co-exists with destructive adolescent coping strategies.
 


key words: adolescent, self-evaluation, locus of control, emotional reactions, destructive coping strategy, a social conflict situation



Gražina Čiuladienė, Daiva Račelytė
Perceived unfairness in teacher-student conflict situations: students’ point of view

Abstract:
Student perceptions of injustice in the classroom can evoke destructive behavior, resistance, deception, aggression, and conflict escalation. Our study explores student experiences of unjust teacher behavior in educational settings. Students (N=99) were asked to remember a conflict they experienced during their studies. The conflict descriptions (N=78) were analysed and grouped according the type of perceived injustice (distributive, procedural, interactional) and 22 issues of unfair behaviour (Mikula et al.,1990). Our study revealed that perceived unfair grading, power demonstrations, and accusation were the most important predictors of teacher student conflicts. Moreover students reported they experienced interactional injustice more frequently than they experienced distributive or procedural injustice.


key words: fairness, distributive justice, procedural justice, interactional justice, student-teacher conflict



Hanna Przybyła-Basista
Interparental conflict and child adjustment: main concepts and research findings

Abstract:
This is a review study of theoretical frameworks and research findings concerning the relationship between marital conflict and children’s response. The main focus is on understanding the mechanisms connecting marital conflict to child adjustment. Two main theoretical models are discussed, namely, Cognitive-Contextual Framework by Grych and Fincham (1990) and Emotional Security Hypothesis by Davies and Cummings (1994). The analysis shows that marital conflicts are associated with a wide range of children’s adjustment problems. Parental destructive conflict patterns are associated with children’s behavioral problems, whereas positive emotionality and constructive conflict resolution lead to children’s positive or even neutral reactions to marital problems. Results are presented on how useful psychoeducational programs are for parents that prevent negative marital conflict effects on children.
 


key words: interparental conflict, child’s adjustment, educational programs for parents



Bogusława Lachowska
Conflict styles and outcomes in parent-adolescent relationship and adolescent family satisfaction.

Abstract:
In my article I identified the meaning of conflict in parent-adolescent relationship for adolescent family satisfaction. It was found that family satisfaction is positively related to seeking compromise by the parents, as well as being negatively related to parental aggression. Adolescent satisfaction is higher when conflicts with the father more often result in improving their relationship (intimacy), and when conflicts with the mother end less frequently with escalation and frustration. A significant parental behavioral role in conflict with the adolescent was confirmed; however, the strongest predictor of adolescent family satisfaction is in seeking compromise by the father. In accordance with Steinberg’s emotional distancing hypothesis, with the adolescent’s age family satisfaction was found to decrease, and conflicts escalated and frustration in mother-adolescent relationship increased.
 


key words: adolescence, family satisfaction, conflict style, conflict outcome



Katarzyna Walęcka-Matyja
Psychological aspects of sibling relational conflict vs. mental wellbeing levels in women’s perceptions

Abstract:
My research aim was to analyse sibling relational conflicts perceived by adult sisters and selected conflict determinants. The study also considered the discriminating significance of the sibling relational conflict intensity for experiencing mental wellbeing. The study included 240 adult women, coming from the Łódź district (M=41.94 SD=15.71). The following research instruments were applied: Adult Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (ASRQ) by C.Stocker et al. (1997) in its – adapted form by K. Walęcka-Matyja (2014), and Mental Health Continuum-Short Form by C.L.M. Keyes (2008) as adapted by D. Karaś et al. (2014). The research results allowed us to conclude about ambivalent kinds of bonds between siblings in adulthood, clearly indicating variation in the relational conflicts depending on the examined sisters’ ages. However, the study did not confirm the significanceof gender constellation for experiencing general wellbeing by the examined women. It did verify the hypothesis that there is a significant role for age-level psychological well-being.


key words: siblings, conflict, adulthood, mental wellbeing



Augustyn Bańka
The driving force of action and the psychology of doing nothing

Abstract:
My article discusses the psychological factors determining the driving force of human activity as well as the driving force of doing nothing. The discussion is related to the personal resources characteristics (personality, the type of mind, operational style), personal coping strategies with the pressures of time (procrastination, indecisiveness), an autonomous vs. non-autonomous reality creating style (passion, passivity), and anticipatory identity capital modelling by capitalizing on one’s own advantages and proactivity. The driving force of human activity and doing nothing presented in the article is discussed from a psychological perspective as a multidimensional phenomenon. Firstly, it is discussed as a preconditioned personality trait, secondly as a contextually determined search for exitingfrom a difficult situation by delaying a decision, thirdly as an agentural creation of energy program of action (passion, apathy), and at the end as an agentural production of the self-advantages through proactivity. My article also reviews basic types of discontinuity and personality types related to them. These five discontinuity types are: 1 – place discontinuity, 2 – situation discontinuity, 3 – meanings and values discontinuity, 4 – context discontinuity, 5 – projective discontinuity.


key words: driving force, distributed identity, distributed cognition, identity capital, procrastination, self-exploitation, psychology of doing nothing, proactivity



Michał Dębek, Bożena Janda-Dębek
Correlation between the perceived residential environment quality and the inhabitants’ quality of life and civic behavior

Abstract:
Although it has been assumed for many years that there is a relationship between the subjectively perceived quality of residential environment and quality of life, empirical evidence for the existence of such a link has been inconclusive. It is also assumed that the perception of residential environment in a certain way covariates with the behavior of people in this environment; Empirical support for this correlation is now all the more problematic. The objectives in the our research project were as follows: (1) enriching the current knowledge about those links between the perceived quality of various residential areas and their inhabitants’ experienced quality of life , and (2) examining the co-variables between the sense of satisfaction with the residence and declared pro-social and civic behavior. For the purpose of our study, we proposed an original theoretical framework integrating several available man-environment-behavior relationship concepts with the more general homeodynamic regulation concept for achieving psychological balance. Sixty-two people aged 18 to 85 took part in the research. Two groups were identified in the analysis: young adults and seniors. No significant correlation was found between the respondents’ perceived quality of life and their satisfaction with the quality of the environment they inhabited. It was almost exclusively seniors who undertook activities to benefit the residential area, and their life quality was correlated with this activity. Young adults turned out to be generally inactive. Correlations between pro-social and civic behavior and the residential area’s assessed quality proved to be weak and simple, but had different directions and dimensions in young dults and seniors.


key words: environmental psychology; perceived residential environment quality; quality of urban life; environment and behavior; pro-social behavior; civic behavior; senior citizens



Agnieszka Lipińska-Grobelny
Multiwork, work-family/family-work conflict and satisfaction with life

Abstract:
The aim of my study was to determine what relations exist between work and family demands, W-F/ F-W conflict and job satisfaction, satisfaction with marriage, and life satisfaction among multiworkers and monoworkers. Research involved 218 multiworkers and 218 employees with single employment, who filled out a survey, the Organizational Climate Questionnaire, the W-F/F-W Conflict Technique, the Job Description Questionnaire, the Marital Communication Questionnaire, and Satisfaction with Life Scale. From the data obtained referring to multiworkers, it is shown that W-F conflict is directly affected by the number of working hours, commuting time, job demands, rewards, and leave control. F-W conflict is directly affected by number of children aged up to six years, partner engagement, and the number of children aged 12‒15 years. Satisfaction with life results from satisfaction with marriage and job satisfaction (stronger relationship). Considering the monoworkers, W-F conflict is directly affected by the number of working hours, commuting time, and the rewards at work. F-W conflict is directly affected by engagement of the partner and the depreciation in the relationship. Satisfaction with life results from satisfaction with marriage (stronger relation) and job satisfaction. These results contribute to deeper knowledge on the multiwork phenomenon.


key words: multiwork, W-F/F-W conflict, satisfaction with job, marriage, life



Katarzyna Lubiewska, Romuald Derbis
Relations between Parenting Stress, Attachment, and Life Satisfaction in Mothers of Adolescent Children

Abstract:
Causal relations between parenting stress, attachment, and life satisfaction tested in previous studies are multidirectional, even though grounded in respective theories. Additionally, relations between them are dependent on multiple factors viable to act as potential confounders. We set out to analyze the relation between parenting stress of mothers and their life satisfaction as mediated through their general attachment orientations treated as personal resources hypothesized to act as the filter toward their parenting experiences. Three questions were asked: Is the parenting stress-life satisfaction link mediated through attachment? Does the mediation mechanism differ when attachment dimensions of avoidance and anxiety are analyzed? Is the mediation effect sensitive to potential confounding factors? Data from 575 mothers of adolescents were collected using self reports. Results revealed that parenting stress-life satisfaction relation is partially mediated through attachment, and that the mediation mechanism is different when anxious or avoidant attachment dimensions are analyzed. Sensitivity analysis revealed that mediation models are sensitive to potentially confounding factors. Tryingto tackle potential confounders, we tested economic status and the number of children the mother ever had. None of them had enough power to decrease mediation effects. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implications, causality, and recommendations for further research.
 


key words: life satisfaction, attachment, stress, parenting, mediation



Barbara Mróz
Professional competences: Personality and Axiological Model (MOA) in verifying the sense of life quality

Abstract:
It was assumed that the sense of the quality of life would reveal a significant relationship with personality- related and axiological dimensions among specialists (the Personality and Axiological Model MOA). It was hypothesized that there would be a positive correlation between independent personality- related variables for the sense of life quality(structure of personality: competence, relations, autonomy, adaptation and professional achievements). The determination coefficient was 0.47, that is, its variance was 47% of the variable sense of life quality being explained in the structural model MOA; by women 48%, by men 39%. In the discussion on the obtained results, emphasis should be put on the significance ascribed by specialists to the following dimensions: adaptation, competence and relations for the quality of life.
 


key words: MOA model, competences, personality, hierarchy of values, quality of life, specialists, gender



Dorota Szczygieł, Łukasz Baka
The role of personal resources in the relationship between job stressors and emotional exhaustion

Abstract:
Our study was designed to examine an individuals’ affective traits (i.e., dispositional affectivity and emotional intelligence) and job stressors (i.e., interpersonal conflicts, quantitative workload and organizational constraints) on emotional exhaustion. One hundred and fifty-three employees participated  in our study. All of them worked in teams and their job required face-to-face contacts with clients. Our main hypothesis was that emotional intelligence acts as a moderator in the relationship between job stressors and emotional exhaustion. The results indicate that employees who report more interpersonal conflicts at work, greater quantitative workloads and greater organizational constraints also report more symptoms of emotional exhaustion. Moreover, the results show that all three stressors were significant as predictors of emotional exhaustion beyond the employee’s dispositional affectivity. The moderating effect of emotional intelligence was observed in the relationship between interpersonal conflicts at work and emotional exhaustion. The relationship between interpersonal conflicts and emotional exhaustion was observed only among employees who were low in emotional intelligence. In contrast, interpersonal conflicts and emotional exhaustion were unrelated among employees who were high in emotional intelligence. The results are discussed from the Job Demands–Resources model perspective.


key words: job stressors, emotional exhaustion, emotional intelligence, dispositional affectivity



Aleksandra Dembińska
Childlessness – psychological consequences of decisions taken while experiencing infertility

Abstract:
The aim of this article is to present the results of original research into psychological consequences for women choosing intentional childlessness as a way of coping with infertility. The study included 87 women who decided to remain childless. Tools used in the study were: the original Attitudes towards Own Infertility Scale; the HDS-M Scale (Zigmond, Snaith); the original Scale for Assessment of Hope as an Emotional State; the Satisfaction with Life Scale SWLS (Diener et al.); the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (SES). Significant correlations were foundbetween variables included in the study were found. The analysis comparing psychological variables with sociodemographic variables showed that only the length of time since diagnosis is related to the level of hope. The analysis comparing childless women with those undergoing infertility treatment revealed statistically significant differences in the level of acceptance of one’s infertility (higher in childless women) and in the perception of social support and its types (women undergoing infertility treatment perceived a higher level of support) The cluster analysis indicated that there are three characteristics on which the effectiveness of coping with infertility depend. The conclusions of the study are extremely important in the process of preparing preventive psychology programs for women who make a conscious decision to remain childless.


key words: infertility, childlessness, effectiveness of coping



Marek Kolařík, Martin Lečbych,Maria Luca, Desa Markovic,Martina Fülepová
How Czech supervisors engage in the supervisory process on sexual attraction and strategies used to supervise sexual attraction in the work of supervisees

Abstract:
Our study investigated how Czech supervisors understand, engage with and supervise therapists in handling sexual attraction. Qualitative interviews were carried out with 13 volunteers in the Czech Republic. Transcripts were analysed using constructivist grounded theory (GT). Findings show that in reflecting on their experience as supervisors, participants stepped into their experience as therapists first. Data shows various factors mediating and influencing the supervision process: the historical and political impact of sexual tabooism and sexual attraction in training and practice; supervisors’ personal experience of sexual attraction provoked shame; gender and trust impact on which supervisor to choose; male and female differences in supervisory needs; and a clear contract facilitates disclosure of sexual attraction.


key words: sexual attraction, supervision, psychotherapy



Magdalena Ślazyk-Sobol
Young adults in corporations – psychological labour costs and their correlates based on some empirical research studies

Abstract:
This article raises the issue of psychological labor costs comprehended – in line with the conceptualization by Maslach and Leiter – as symptoms of occupational burnout: emotional exhaustion, cynicism, low self-efficacy as experienced by young adults employed in one of the Lower Silesian biotechnological corporations. The author presents some correlative research studies and their results based on research conducted on a group of 80 specialist employees including 10 managers, covering their experience of burnout symptoms and also its correlates, such as global and organisational selfesteem. The research studies presented here are part of a larger research project which also includes some diagnosis on corporate culture and its organisational climate. Above all their results show an alarming levels of cynicism and emotional exhaustion experienced by these employees, together with their high global self-esteem and medium organisational self-esteem .
 


key words: burnout, global self-esteem, organizational self-esteem, psychological labor costs



Ewa Sokołowska,Lidia Zabłocka-Żytka, Sylwia Kluczyńska, Joanna Wojda-Kornacka
What mental health promotion do university students need?

Abstract:
Our aim was to find out what university students expect of mental health promotion. 610 young people were asked a few open questions. 81% of respondents expressed an interest in mental health promotion activities. They associated promotional activities with physical, social and/or emotional health care. Basically, these positive expectations are in agreement with the biopsychosocial model of mental health formulated by the WHO (2005). No interest in the idea of promotion (11%) is caused by the erroneous assumption that mental health promotion is targeted at people with mental disorders; therefore, a mentally healthy person does not benefit from participating in such a programme.
 


key words: mental health promotion, students, expectations, qualitative research



Katarzyna Skok
Gamification in education – practical solutions for educational courses

Abstract:
Gamification can be defined as the use of game design elements in non-game contexts. The aim of this article is to present practical solutions for a gamified educational course. The solutions are based on mechanisms used in online games and on the results of empirical research on motivation. The first part of the article analyzes theories of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The second part discusses the motivational aspects of one of the most popular games (World of Warcraft). The final part presents a detailed sample project for a gamified educational course. It proposes that – among classical solutions – a monetary schedule of reinforcement as well as a number of features based on the natural needs to cooperate and compete be included.
 


key words: gamification, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, MMORPG, e-learning



Magdalena Błażek
Parental attitudes and parentification of children in families with limited parental care competencies

Abstract:
Parentification describes the taking on of an adult role by a child or adolescent before they are emotionally and developmentally ready to face the tasks and challenges that come with it (Boszormenyi–Nagy & Spark, 1973). I It is viewed in the literature from the perspective of the functioning of the family system in the context of development, and as a pathology of parental functioning (Schier, 2014). The consequences of parentification on the functioning of a child can be particularly seen in the emotional sphere and in the area of mental disorders (Hooper et al., 2011). The research presented in the article involves 272 families facing the limitation or termination of parental rights. Analyses focused on the sociodemographic features of the family, such as the parents’ addictions and psychological problems and their psychological functioning in terms of parental attitudes which resulted in the parentification of the children. The results show that there is a connection between pathological functioning of parents, characteristics of their parental attitudes and the parentification of the first child.
 


key words: parentification, limitations of parental rights, parental attitudes



Dominika Stryjewska, Krzysztof Kwoka, Paulina Szymanowska, Bożena Janda-Dębek
CogMap Analyst – a quantitative analysis of the structure and content characteristics of sketch drawings of cognitive maps of urbanized spaces

Abstract:
The paper presents the specification of the CogMap Analyst program, which has been created for the purpose of conducting an analysis of the structure and content of sketch drawings of cognitive maps  of urbanized spaces. Assumptions for this analytic tool come from the neobehavioral understanding of the concept of cognitive maps, which has its source in the works of Tolman, and from the criteria of analyzing their contents and structure, which were developed by Lynch (1960). The program serves the purpose of collecting numerical data on the quantity, size, as well as placement and distortion of objects on drawings by participants in relation to the actual layout of the terrain, which was selected by the researcher, and to the sketch’s scale. This data may be used not only to determine the measurements on drawings, but also to determine possible connections with other variables, such as personal traits of participants and formal traits of the space, according to the research goals of particular scientific studies for which the CogMap Analyst program shall be used. In this article we present the theoretical basis for the tool that we have created, we compare its characteristics with other similar methods of quantitative analysis of sketch drawings of cognitive maps, and we present in detail the mode of operation and of data analysis employed by CogMap Analyst.
 


key words: cognitive maps, sketch maps, LabView, quantitative analysis



Jakub Traczyk, Jakub Kus, Agata Sobkow
Affective response to a lottery prize moderates processing of payoffs and probabilities: An eye-tracking study4

Abstract:
Expected utility theory posits that our preferences for gambles result from the weighting of utilities of monetary payoffs by their probabilities. However, recent studies have shown that combining payoffs and probabilities is often distorted by affective responses. In the current study, we hypothesized that affective response to a lottery prize moderates processing of payoffs and probabilities. Attentional engagement (measured by the number of fixations in the eye tracking experiment) was predicted by probability, value of an outcome, and their interaction, but only for affect-poor lottery tickets. A corresponding pattern of results was not observed in affect-rich lottery tickets, suggesting more simplified processing of such lotteries.


key words: affect, attention, decision-making, eye-tracking, probability



Katarzyna Wojtkowska, Nina Andersz,Joanna Czarnota-Bojarska
Adapting The Survey Of Perceived Organizational Support

Abstract:
The subject of the present study was the Polish adaptation of the Survey of Perceived Organizational Support. The adapted scale demonstrates good psychometric properties, indicating high internal consistency. Construct validity was assessed using measures of job and life satisfaction, and a Work-Family Fit Questionnaire. The results have shown that the adapted scale is strongly positively correlated with felt satisfaction with work, and also demonstrates a positive, although weaker correlation with satisfaction with life. Correlations with the Work-Family Fit demonstrate that perceived organizational support is important for the relationship between professional and family roles when work is the source of influence. The results of the study indicate that the adapted SPOS can be successfully used in Poland.
 


key words: adaptation, perceived organizational support, work-family balance, job satisfaction, life satisfaction



Iwona Krzewska, Grażyna Dolińska-Zygmunt
The sense of body boundaries – subjective determinants and implications for body self-relation in people with psychosomatic illnesses

Abstract:
This article seeks to explore the determinants of the sense of body boundaries and its implications for body self- relation in psychosomatic patients – patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) as well as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Stepwise regression analysis and paths analysis were carried out. The most significant condition affecting the strength of the sense of body boundaries among IBS patients is their sensitivity to the violation of self- boundaries in the dimension of the social self. Likewise, among patients with skin diseases, the most important factor is their style of cognitive functioning (field independence). Furthermore, both similarities and differences have been found in the groups involved in the research in terms of determinants of the sense of body boundaries, as well as in comparison with the results from healthy patients. The results which were obtained indicated that the greater the strength of the sense of body boundaries in IBS patients, the greater its positive impact on the assessment of the patients’ own health, their physical attractiveness and comfort from touch, in a similar way to that in healthy people. As far as patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis are concerned, the sense of body boundaries was revealed to have a positive impact on the level of health orientation: active involvement with either maintaining or improving the health condition.


key words: Sense of body boundaries, body self- relation, irritable bowel syndrome, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, health condition


Year: 2015


Alicja Senejko, Dorota Chmielewska-Łuczak, Zbigniew Łoś
Internet usage styles and attitudes toward globalization

Abstract:

Our article discusses the research results aimed at finding relations between Internet usage styles and attitudes toward globalization. The research included 597 people, aged 15 to 39 years, from Poland by using two methods: 1) The World-I Questionnaire (by A. Senejko, Z. Łoś) to diagnose attitudes toward globalization (accepting, critical, fearful); 2) The Internet-Interpersonal Relations Questionnaire (by D. Chmielewska-Łuczak) – diagnoses four categories of Internet usage styles (distanced, frustrated, omnipotent, ambivalent).

The research was based on an idiographic analysis focused on the results obtained for the specific people under examination.
The results revealed the relationships between the distanced and omnipotent Internet usage styles and the accepting attitude toward globalization; between the frustrated style and the critical attitude; and between the ambivalent style and the fearful attitude toward globalization. The ensuing discussion can be used to increase Internet user awareness that it is necessary to look for a strategy for coping with the challenges posed by the Internet that is best adjusted to a particular individual. The competence in choosing such an appropriate strategy is a valuable asset for any contemporary manager who would like to target his or her offer at a variety of customers representing different Internet usage styles. 



key words: attitudes toward globalization (accepting, critical, fearful), Internet usage attitudes (open, overwhelmed), styles of using the Internet (omnipotent, ambivalent, distanced, frustrated)



Małgorzata Gambin, Małgorzata Święcicka
Relationships of self-efficacy beliefs to executive functions, hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention in school-aged children

Abstract:

Executive function deficits, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and inattention can have a negative impact on a child’s self-efficacy beliefs. Forty-eight children with high intensity ADHD symptoms and 56 children with low intensity symptoms in ages 8 to 10 years completed the Self-Efficacy Scale for Children and executive function tests. Rating Scales for Teachers and Parents were completed for each child to measure the ADHD symptoms. ADHD symptoms and executive function deficits were associated with lower self-efficacy beliefs especially in two spheres: academic achievement and self-control. Implications of these findings for child therapy are discussed. 



key words: self-efficacy beliefs, executive functions, inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity



Andrzej Margasiński
The Polish Adaptation of FACES IV-SOR

Abstract:

My paper describes a Polish adaptation of the family assessment tool called FACES IV. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit of the model to the data with a sample of 499 Polish individuals from 150 families. The reliability measures of the two Balanced scales are similar to those of the American scales. However, the four Unbalanced scales have lower reliability. Reliability measures of Family Satisfaction and Family Communication are even higher than the American ones. A cluster analysis clearly depicted the extreme profiles of the Balanced and Unbalanced scales, with the remaining four profiles also present. Norms were developed for the various scales. Psychometric verification of this instrument showed that FACES IV-SOR is useful for research and clinical work with Polish families. 



key words: Circumplex Model, FACES IV, Polish adaptation, alcoholic families



Michał Dębek
What Drives Shopping Mall Attractiveness?

Abstract:

My article investigated the drivers of shopping mall attractiveness. Which of various shopping mall qualities are key to building a mall’s attractiveness? This was the fundamental question in the cross- sectional, survey-based correlational study. The participants included 384 adult Poles (192 men and 192 women whose median age was 22). The survey included 58 items – nine to measure the shopping mall’s attractiveness (its emotional impact, cognitive effect and the customer’s visiting frequency), and 49 to measure its hypothetical predictors. The investigated objects were six urban shopping malls in Wroclaw, Poland. It turned out that shopping mall attractiveness was driven mainly by their atmosphere and social positioning. Surprisingly, the more subjectively noisy and crowded the shopping mall was, the more attractive it appeared to be; commerce-related features, on the other hand, while usually treated as vital to a shopping center, contributed relatively little to the mall’s attractiveness. 



key words: environmental appraisal; shopping mall



Nina Ogińska-Bulik, Magdalena Zadworna-Cieślak
Spirituality and the negative and positive effects of traumatic experiences in a group of emergency service workers

Abstract:

Objective: Studies concerning the importance of spirituality on the negative and positive effects of traumatic experiences are very rare. Our study attempts to determine the role of spirituality in post- traumatic stress disorders, approached as a negative result of facing traumatic events, and profiting from such experiences in the form of posttraumatic growth.
Method: The study covered 116 emergency service workers (only men), including 43 firefighters (37.1%), 43 police officers (37.1%) and 30 paramedics (25.8%), who experienced a traumatic event in their line of work. Those surveyed were between 21 and 57 years of age (M = 35.28; SD = 8.13). The Impact of Event Scale was used to assess the negative effects of traumatic experience, and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory for assessing the positive effects. Spirituality was measured using the Self- description Questionnaire.
Results: 61.2% of the workers displayed at least moderate symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, whereas 38.8% displayed low intensity symptoms. Taking into consideration the positive effects of experienced traumatic events, it was discovered that almost 40% of those surveyed displayed low levels of posttraumatic growth, 34.5% average and 25.8% high. Correlation analysis was been per- formed to establish the relation between spirituality and posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth. Posttraumatic growth predictors were determined.
Conclusions: Study results show that spirituality is not related to the intensification of posttraumatic stress symptoms, whereas it contributes to positive posttraumatic changes. Among different aspects of spirituality, harmony plays a major role. 



key words: spirituality, posttraumatic stress, posttraumatic growth.



Dariusz Kuncewicz, Dorota Kuncewicz, Ewa Sokołowska, Jolanta Sobkowicz
What are you saying when you are talking about...? Procedure for isolating a hidden story in a monologue about the author’s own life

Abstract:

Our article describes and illustrates a procedure for isolating a hidden story from a monologue on an assigned topic. The procedure involves four stages: 1) collecting data and preparing transcripts; 2) identifying out-of-key elements; 3) analysing and interpreting a text by means of linguistic and literary theory devices; 4) formulating a hidden story. In deducing a hidden story from narratively out-of-key elements, the vital part was identifying the rules of speech and analysing the contexts in which they were used in the monologue. The hidden story was reconstructed as a one-level narrative pattern on the basis of information inferred from different contexts of using speech rules, as well as from information explicit in the monologue. Our article also discusses the theoretical and clinical value, and new trends in the research on hidden stories. 



key words: hidden story, narrations, rules of speech



Agnieszka Nomejko, Grażyna Dolińska-Zygmunt
Psycho-social determinants of sexual satisfaction in young, middle and late adulthood

Abstract:

Numerous studies demonstrate that, regardless of the adulthood stage, sexual satisfaction is crucial to the general opinion on life quality. The models of sexual satisfaction presented in the subject literature display underlying differences in its determinants between men and women; little, however, is said about potential variations, which can occur at different stages in an adult’s life. The results presented in our article are extensively researched fragments regarding the psycho-social determinants of sexual satisfaction, conducted on 90 women and 77 men, aged 21−72.

Our study attempted to determine the extent to which age affects:

  • The sexual satisfaction level in women and men,

  • The relationship between psycho-physical attractiveness, close relationship satisfaction, and intensification of sexual practices; with the level of sexual satisfaction for both women and men.
    The assessment was based on original questionnaires as well as on the Intimacy, Passion and Commitment Questionnaires by Acker and Davis.
    Neither age nor gender influenced the sexual satisfaction level. However, they both affected the relationship between sexual satisfaction and psychosocial variables. 



key words: sexual satisfaction, psycho-physical attractiveness, satisfaction with close relationship, sexual practices



Elżbieta Sanecka, Lidia Baran
Explicit and implicit attitudes toward academic cheating and its frequency among university students

Abstract:

Our study examines the relation between explicit and implicit attitudes toward academic cheating and the frequency of committing it among students of different faculties (pedagogy and psychology, and law and administration). The implicit attitudes were measured using two methods – the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). As hypothesized, the explicit attitude toward academic cheating was positively related to the its frequency. Results indicate that the implicit measures did not predict the frequency of self-reported academic cheating behaviours. The field of study itself was not a differentiating factor for any studied variables. The methodological problems related with using IAT and IRAP as measures of implicit attitudes toward cheating and the study’s possible limitations were discussed. 



key words: academic cheating, explicit attitude, implicit attitude, Implicit Association Test (IAT), Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP)



Marcin Sobczyk, Dariusz Parzelski
Order effects in attributions of sporting abilities in team handball

Abstract:

Our study explores the role of order effects when making attributions of ability of a performer in team handball. Participants of the study were asked to view a video footage of a handball player performing a passing and throwing task ten times. Although for everyone the footage consisted of the same ten clips, half the participants viewed a declining (successful to unsuccessful) performance pattern, whereas the other half viewed an ascending pattern. After that, participants rated the observed player’s sporting abilities. The results have shown recency effects in the attributions of ability when the judgment was made by players (for most descriptors) and by coaches (for some descriptors). 



key words: recency effect, sporting abilities, judgment, decision making, team handball



Michał Dębek, Bożena Janda-Dębek
Perceived Residential Environment Quality and Neighborhood Attachment (PREQ & NA) Indicators by Marino Bonaiuto, Ferdinando Fornara, and Mirilia Bonnes – Polish adaptation

Abstract:

There have been increasing calls in environmental psychology for the standardized instruments measuring people’s subjective perception of urban environment quality. One such tool is a commonly accepted and oftcited questionnaire for measuring perceived urban environmental quality, the Perceived Residential Environment Quality & Neighborhood Attachment (PREQ & NA) Indicators, developed by a team of Italian researchers: Ferdinando Fornara, Marino Bonaiuto, and Mirilia Bonnes. This article presents the results of the PREQ & NA’s adaptation study that we conducted in Poland. The adaptation project was divided into several qualitative and quantitative stages spanning April 2013 to December 2014. A total of 200 participants were examined, 99 women and 101 men aged between 18 and 89. We cooperated with six English and Italian translators. The results of our study demonstrated a factorial validity of the tool’s Polish language version relative to both the Italian original and its recent Iranian adaptation, which we used for comparisons with the data obtained in a non-European cultural area. In addition to describing the entire adaptation procedure and presenting its results, we propose that a number of minor but necessary modifications be made in the Polish version, as indicated by our analyses. Following a positive verification and discussion of the Polish adaptation’s convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity, we propose the final Polish version of the adapted questionnaire. 



key words: residential satisfaction; neighbourhood attachment; perceived residential environmental quality; urban neighborhood; Polish urban context; adaptation and validation of the instrument



Aleksandra Krukowska, Artur Poczwardowski, Dariusz Parzelski
Optimal development of young male volleyball players through transformational coach leadership

Abstract:

Leadership styles of coaches affect athletes’ sport and social skills. Recently, transformational leader- ship gained recognition as a benecial, motivational and inspirational coaching style. Our study attempts to extend the understanding of transformational leadership in Polish youth sport through investigation of whether a transformational coach can lead a team effectively, while simultaneously contributing to athletes’ well-being and high performance. A male volleyball coach and twelve male volleyball players (15‒16 years old) participated in a study consisting of semi-structured interviews and participant observations. The results showed that characteristics of a transformational coach had an infuence on athletes’ intrinsic motivation and involvement in training, and they served as means of satisfying the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. 



key words: transformational leadership, needs satisfaction, positive youth development, coach-athlete relationship



Anna Halik, Marta Kochan-Wójcik
The body self in women who practice aikido

Abstract:

Our thesis explores the experience of corporeality by women who practice aikido. The categories used by those women to describe their body self and its functions were analyzed. In order to explore the subject, quality research was implemented in the framework of grounded theory. Five women comprised the research group, all of whom had been practicing Birankai Aikido for nine or more years. Semi-structured interviews were carried out. Each interview contained five areas referring to practicing aikido, corporality, behavior and the connection between practicing aikido and corporality. Three areas emerged referring to the corporality construct, namely the body, emotions, and interpersonal contacts. The elds of the body and emotions were dominated by a functional dimension, whereas in the eld of interpersonal contacts we noted a particularly strong feeling of group afliation. Participants also displayed a strong need for self-realization, self-control, and persistence. The data collected give sufcient grounds for arguing that women who practice aikido on a regular basis tend to focus on the functional aspects of their bodies and emotions. In so doing they seem to motivate themselves to achieving greater self-realization in the process of studying martial arts. 



key words: corporal self, female body, aikido



Tomasz Gosztyła, Kazimierz Gelleta
Marital quality and religiousness of couples parenting children with autism

Abstract:

A number of research projects have shown that both religiousness and quality of the marital relationship are important resources that can be used by parents rearing children diagnosed with autism. Our article brings up the link between religiousness of parents who have children with autism and the quality of their marriage. Fifty-three married couples (106 persons) living in Poland and bringing up children diagnosed as having autism were surveyed. Results obtained indicate that there is a relationship between parents’ religiousness (personal religiousness) and their marriage quality. These results can help family therapists, social workers and priests supporting couples parenting children with autism. 



key words: religiousness, marriage, parenthood, autism



Anna Juszkiewicz, Urszula Dębska
Coping styles and empathy in professional burnout: A study of physical therapists

Abstract:

The profession of a physical therapist is among so-called social professions, which are particularly exposed to high risks of burnout. Our paper analyzes the relationships between professional burnout in physical therapists and their perceived levels of stress, the strategies they use to cope with stress, as well as their levels of empathy and professional satisfaction. The following questionnaires were used in the study: the Burnout Scale Inventory (Okła & Steuden, 1998); the multidimensional coping inventory COPE (Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989); and the Questionnaire Measure of Emotional Empathy (Mehrabian & Epstein, 1972). Varying levels of professional burnout were observed in a sample of 76 physical therapists, who demonstrated no significant relationships between burnout and empathy levels. Higher burnout levels were found in participants working in public compared to privately-owned health centers, while those scoring higher on job satisfaction also had lower burnout results. Further, participants with higher professional burnout also reported higher levels of stress at the workplace and at home, as well as using avoidance coping strategies. The results of our study call for further investigation into the determinants of burnout in physical therapists and for implementing preventive measures. 



key words: burnout, stress, coping, empathy, physical therapist



Alina Żurek, Agnieszka Pirogowicz-Hirnle, Nina Chrobot
Anxiety intensity levels of children suffering from bronchial asthma and how they cope

Abstract:

Bronchial asthma is the most frequent chronic pulmonary disorder in the world. Population studies indicate about 10% of children in Poland suffer from it. Nowadays, the illness is mild and rarely severe due to specialized treatment. Regardless of how the illness develops, recurring asthma attacks can cause a person suffering from it to feel stigmatized, and result in tension and stress. When under stress, a sick person activates their own characteristic coping strategies, which help them to reduce discomfort. Our paper analyzes both the anxiety intensity levels experienced by children suffering from bronchial asthma and how they cope. Seventy-one children diagnosed with chronic respiratory condition, aged 12–15, were examined during their sanatorium treatment, using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) by Spielberger, adapted by Sosnowski, Iwaniszczuk, and Spielberger, and the Jak Sobie Radzisz? (How Are You Coping? HAYC) Scale by Juczyński and Ogińska-Bulik. Thirty-eight per cent of the examined children had a high anxiety level, and 33% were diagnosed with a high anxiety-as-a-trait level. The results show significant differences between boys and girls on the anxiety trait scale, focusing on emotions strategy and seeking social support strategy. Girls have higher results on the above-mentioned scales. It was observed in the whole group of examined children that there is a statistically sig- ni cant positive interrelationship between anxiety-trait results and focusing-on-emotions strategy in a dispositional stress-coping style. It is recommended to include psychotherapeutic assistance for children in standard bronchial asthma treatment. 



key words: asthma, anxiety, coping with stress, children



Katarzyna Skałacka, Romuald Derbis
Activities of the elderly and their satisfaction with life

Abstract:

Successful aging (Rowe & Kahn, 1997) is conditioned by aspiration to be active and by the ability to maintain social relations. Activity improves the emotional lives of seniors and is associated with a reduction of some symptoms of aging. Our study verifies if the number of activities (informal and solitary) is associated with quality of life and whether subjective age may be a mediator of this relationship. The 136 seniors above 60 were tested by our authorial scale of activity and the WHOQOL-BRIEF. The results showed that older persons’ higher quality of life levels are related not only to the number of activities undertaken, but also to the frequency that these activities are engaged in. The mediating role of subjective age in relation to one’s activities and quality of life was also indicated, which, concerning general quality of life, turned out to be a cooperative suppression. 



key words: activity, older people, quality of life, subjective age, successful aging



Marcin Sobczyk, Dariusz Parzelski
Erratum to: Order effects in attributions of sporting abilities in team handball

Abstract:

Erratum to: Sobczyk M., Parzelski D. (2015). Order effects in attributions of sporting abilities in team handball. Polish Journal of Applied Psychology. Volume 13, Issue 2, Pages 93–110. ISSN (Online) 2354-0052; DOI: 10.1515/pjap-2015-0031 



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Maria Wyczałkowska, Bożena Janda-Dębek
Residential environment quality and neighborhood attachment in open and gated communities

Abstract:

Our study evaluated the residential environment quality among residents of both traditional open communities and gated communities (fenced), with the latter becoming increasingly popular in Poland. For this purpose the Perceived Evaluation of Residential Environment Quality and Place Attachment Questionnaire (Dębek, Janda-Dębek, 2015) was used, which is a Polish adaptation of Abbreviated Perceived Residential Environment Quality & Neighborhood Attachment Indicators (APREQ & NA, Bonaiuto, Bonnes, Fornara, 2010). Sixty residents of two Wrocław communities (open and gated) were examined. Our study revealed that residents of the open community evaluate their residential environment better and they are more attached to it than residents of the gated community. 



key words: open and gated communities, evaluations of residential environment, quality neighborhood attachment



Aleksandra Słowińska, Anna Oleszkowicz
Modi cation of Luyckx et al.’s Integrated Process Oriented Model of Identity Formation

Abstract:

Our study attempts to assess the validity of a modication of the Luyckx, Schwartz, Berzonsky, Soenens, Vansteenkiste, Smits and Goossens’ dual-cycle model of identity formation (2008). The model has been extended to include a six dimensions because it takes two types of ruminative exploration into account. Thus, the model consists of reflective exploration in breadth, ruminative exploration in breadth and commitment making, which form a commitment formation cycle, and reflective exploration in depth, ruminative exploration in depth and identication with commitment, which in turn form a commitment evaluation cycle. Six hundred and forty-two Caucasian Poles (including 51 early adolescents, 270 late adolescents, 272 emerging adults and 49 young adults; 66% women) participated in our study. Conrmatory factor analysis and correlation analysis between identity dimensions indicate that the proposed model has a satisfactory internal validity. Analysis of variance in groups with different educational-professional contexts and ages, as well as correlation analysis of the identity dimensions with adjustment indicators, and ruminative and reflective self-consciousness show a satisfactory external validity. In summary, the proposed modication may present an alternative to the original model, but its limitations will also be discussed. 



key words: Identity, Exploration, Commitment, Rumination, Late adolescence, Emerging adulthood



Radosław B. Walczak, Romuald Derbis
The role of the happiness philosophy and core self-evaluations in de ning job satisfaction as seen by the self and the signi cant other

Abstract:

Our paper analyses sources of job satisfaction. A cross-sectional study in two variants: an online questionnaire (n=642) and its paper version (n=635), were used to measure the impact of core self-evaluations, hedonism and eudaimonism on job satisfaction. To strengthen the dependent variable (job satisfaction) measurement, two sources for this data were used: the target person’s self-assessment and his or her significant other’s evaluation. The results show that the significant other’s assessment can be a valuable source of information on the target person’s job satisfaction. On top of that, hierarchical regression has shown that both happiness philosophies: eudaimonism and hedonism have predictive power over the assessment of job satisfaction based on core self-evaluations. 



key words: job satisfaction, core self-evaluations, hedonism, eudaimonism, single source bias



Michał Dębek, Bożena Janda-Dębek
Whose shopping malls and whose shopping streets? Person-environment fit in retail environments

Abstract:

Shopping malls and shopping streets are environments frequented by millions of people daily. Malls are purposively built and strictly managed, whereas streets are evolving more spontaneously. Are these different but popular retail environments, out there to meet human needs, a like t for all of us? Do all of us perceive them in the same way? Do we all feel just as good in them? Use them just as often and enthusiastically? We have set our research in a theoretical frame using one of the key concepts – describing the person-environment fit (P-EF) understood as a mental state giving rise to subsequent positive or negative states or behaviors. We assumed that the possible correlates of P-EF would be the person’s personality, temperament, and their system of values. Our cross-sectional correlational study involved 122 people aged 18 to 40. We found the match with retail environments to be influenced by subject traits, among them: consumption style, social affiliation need and openness to experience. Interestingly, it also turned out that the t with retail environments is but ambiguously connected with hedonism co-variance, and that shopping streets can make for a t no worse than malls. 



key words: shopping malls, shopping streets, personal values, compulsive consumption, personality, environmen- tal psychology, consumer satisfaction, consumer studies



Barbara Kożusznik, Anita Pollak, Dominik Adamek, Damian Grabowski
Development and Validation of the Influence Regulation and Deinfluentization Scale (DEI-beh)

Abstract:

Our article presents work on the development and validation of Influence Regulation and Deinfluentization Scale (DEI-beh). Reviewing concepts regarding its influence constitutes an introduction to the original deinfluentization concept coined by Barbara Kożusznik. The author’s theory has provided the basis for creating a diagnostic tool. The elaborated DEI-beh method consists in evaluating conditions which determine managerial effectiveness and shape reciprocal influences among team members. Our article describes this tool’s creation and its validation procedure. Positive relationships between DEI- beh’s individual dimensions and temperament characteristics, defined in Pavlov’s concept (1952), and selected personality traits, proposed in the Five-Factor Model Personality by Costa and McCrae (1992), confirm the tool’s external validity. 



key words: Influence Regulation Scale, psychometric properties, deinfluentization, DEI



Aleksandra Korolik, Marta Kochan-Wójcik
Anorexia readiness syndrome and sensitivity to body boundaries breaches

Abstract:

Our study tests the relationships between the anorexia readiness syndrome (ARS) and the sense of body boundaries as well as sensitivity to breaches of self boundaries. Conducted among 120 young females aged 18–24, the study was based on three questionnaires: the Eating Attitudes Questionnaire, the Sense of Body Boundaries Questionnaire, and the Self Boundaries Sensitivity Scale. Two groups were used for comparative analyses, each consisting of 30 participants with either high or low ARS intensity. The results showed high-ARS intensity individuals to have a weaker body boundary sense, a weaker sense of being separate from the environment, and a stronger sense of their bodies’ permeability boundaries, as well as being overly-sensitive to breaches in their social self boundaries. The groups showed no significant differences with respect to sensitivity to breaches in their bodily and spatial-symbolic selves. 



key words: anorexia readiness syndrome, sense of body boundaries, bodily self



Magdalena Kapała
Existential/spiritual resources and the subjective quality of life experiences among elderly adults

Abstract:

My paper presents the results of a research study on the relationship between existential/spiritual resources, that is, spiritual sensitivity (a disposition to experience spirituality, manifested in the embracement of the nature of things in the transcendent and final perspective, in moral sensitivity, and the ability to find meaning in paradoxical and limiting situations), spiritual sensitivity components and subjective quality of life (a generalized attitude to one’s own life mode, in the four existential dimensions: psycho- physical, psycho-social, subjective, and metaphysical). Study subjects were older adults (60+, n = 522) living in the current, dynamic, uncertain and fluid modern world conditions. The study had two phases – quantitative and qualitative (narrative interviews). To measure the phenomena, the Spiritual Sensitivity Inventory (Straś-Romanowska, Kowal, & Kapała, 2013) and the Quality of Life Questionnaire (Straś-Romanowska, Oleszkowicz, & Frąckowiak, 2004) were used. The results obtained confirmed a strong mutual relationship between spiritual resources and quality of life, also providing an answer to some questions about the nature of spiritual sensitivity, and its integrating, pro-development and pro- health role in the elderly adults’ life in the post-modern era. 



key words: elderly adults, spiritual sensitivity and its components, quality of life, conception of a multi-dimensional human being, Spiritual Sensitivity Inventory, narrative interviews


Year: 2014


Bianka Lewandowska
Selected conditions for endometrial acceptance and preferred forms of psychological asistance

Abstract:

A study of 41 patients was conducted in order to provide an empirical basis for cooperation between a psychologist and a support group of patients with endometriosis. Our aim was to identify psychological variables which have a connection with the disease’s acceptance. The patients’ ages and duration of their illness were taken into account. We demonstrated that there is a positive relationship in accepting the illness through: perceived control and the ability to reduce pain, a declared ability to cope, a sense of harmony with one’s body, and disclosure of negative emotions - mostly anger and sadness. A significantly negative association was shown for: the disease’s duration, coping style with stress concentrating on the emotions, alienation from the body, and “catastrophizing”. Preference for the form of psychological support was also studied. Most preferred were: physician communication training, and individual consultations with a psychologist. 



key words: endometriosis, acceptance of the disease, chronic illness, coping, body experience



Marta Kochan-Wójcik
Female corporality: The body-self of mothers and daughters in relation to the family

Abstract:

The general aim of our study was to verify the corporality relationships between mothers and daughters within the family context. One hundred and thirty women participated in the research (65 mother- daughter couples), with the following methods being used: Body-Self Questionnaire (Olga Sakson-Obada, 2009); Polish adaptation of FACES-IV (Margasiński, 2009); pictorial scale measuring perception of closeness in self – body and mother – daughter relationships (Aron, Aron & Smollan, 1992). We found that family systems with problems are facilitated by disorders of body-self strength in both mothers and daughters. Mothers who have difficulties with physical states regulating co-established problematic family systems, and daughters who come from a family perceived by them as en- meshed will tend to develop disorders with body-self strength. Women dissatisfied with their bodies perceive them as more detached from themselves. The discussion touches upon an analysis of body- self in mothers who create problematic family systems and in daughters coming from families perceived by themselves as disordered. Also factors that foster the development of strong body-self have been pointed out. 



key words: body-self, family system, mother-daughter relation, body satisfaction



Joanna Piskorz, Marcin Czub, Katarzyna Urbańska, Małgorzata Mrula, Paweł Hodowaniec, Mateusz Misiewicz
How does interface influence the level of analgesia when Virtual Reality distraction is used?

Abstract:

This study investigates the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) technology in distracting attention from pain. We tested how body engagement related to navigating the virtual environment (VE) influences the intensity of pain. Two different interfaces were used to play the same VE, and a cold pressor test was used for pain stimulation. A mixed design was used for the experiment. Sixty-six under- graduate students participated. One group navigated the game using a rotation sensor, head tracker and foot pedals (Body Movement Interface). Another group navigated only using their hands (Hand Movement Interface). Objective and subjective measures of pain were collected – the amount of time participants kept their hand in a container with cold water, and the participant’s assessment of the pain intensity on a visual analog scale (VAS). Participants also filled in questionnaires designed to measure feelings of presence in VE and emotional attitudes towards the game. We found no significant difference between the two used interfaces in their analgesic efficacy. In both groups during VR distraction, participants showed significantly higher levels of pain endurance than without VR distraction. 



key words: virtual reality, pain tolerance, analgesia, virtual environment, thermal stimulation



Katarzyna Walęcka-Matyja
Adolescent personalities and their self-acceptance within complete families, incomplete families and reconstructed families

Abstract:

At the time of this work I had been concentrating on how the family gave shape to adolescent person- alities and how adolescents would, as a consequence, accept themselves.
The purpose of this present study is to determine the differences in personality range and levels of self-acceptance among groups of women and men from complete, incomplete and reconstructed families. The study included a group of 314 adolescents, from the administrative region of Lódź. The following test methods were used: the Survey and standardised Inventory of Personality NEO - FFI by P.T. Costa and R. McCrae as adapted by B. Zawadzki, J. Strelau, P. Szczepaniak and M. Śliwińska; and the Scale of Interpersonal Attitude (SUI) as adapted by J. M. Stanik.

As a result of statistical analyses, it turned out that the dimension of personality the Openness to Experience had indeed diversified the examined adolescent groups. Statistically significant differences were also observed at the self-acceptance level between the study groups. 



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Agata Chudzicka-Czupała
Psychological and moral determinants in accepting cheating and plagiarism among university students in Poland

Abstract:

The study investigates the psychological and moral acceptance of cheating and plagiarism among university students in Poland. A sample of 285 students participated. Results demonstrate that the locus of control, justice sensitivity, and some individual ethical philosophical dimensions are significant predictors for accepting dishonest behaviour. My research results support the basic theoretical arguments that point out the role of acceptable individual conditions for cheating and plagiarism. The re- search offers implications for the practice of moral awareness and for some possible training for university students. 



key words: academic dishonesty, unethical behaviour, justice sensitivity, moral philosophy, locus of control



Piotr Sorokowski, Magdalena Wrembel
Color studies in applied psychology and social sciences: An overview

Abstract:

Our article presents a comprehensive overview of studies on colour from the perspective of applied psychology and social sciences. It discusses major findings from the psychology of colour applied to marketing, business, politics and sports as well as to problems connected with using color tests in psychological diagnoses. Moreover, we present an overview of particularly interesting colour studies on synaesthesia related to cognitive and applied psychology as well as psycholinguistics. Finally, we discuss the most recent trends in investigations into applied colour psychology as well as potential directions for further research. 



key words: color, psychological diagnosis, politics, sport, marketing, synaesthesia



Dorota Kanafa-Chmielewska
Psychometric Properties of the Sociopolitical Control Scale: A Preliminary Study on a Polish Sample

Abstract:

The Sociopolitical Control Scale (SPCS) measures psychological empowerment at the intrapersonal level. It comprises two subscales – leadership competence (LC) and policy control (PC). Adapting SPCS to Polish cultural conditions required measuring the translation, checking comprehension of items and establishing reliability and validity. Reliability and convergent validity are sufficient enough for this measure to be used in psychological research. Confirmatory Factor Analysis lets us assume that SPCS is an appropriate measure, and the Polish scale factorial structure resembles the factorial structure of the original version. Since Poland is a socio-demographically homogeneous country, our research is significant for cross-cultural comparisons, despite a non-representative sample (n = 469). The Polish version of SPCS was developed to be used in research on the social involvement of a political, religious and humanitarian nature. 



key words: Sociopolitical control, Psychological empowerment, Psychometric evaluation, Cross-cultural assessment



Jolanta Babiak
Polish Managers’ Leadership Styles: Developing and Validating the Managerial Styles of a Leading Questionnaire

Abstract:

This article develops a new measure for assessing leadership styles. A six-factor solution was identified in exploratory factor analysis (n = 139) and then was verified in confirmatory factor analysis (n = 477). The final questionnaire encompasses 51 items grouped into six dimensions: structuring, autocratic, participative, Machiavellian, rewarding, and distant. The scales’ internal consistency range from.61 to.79. Internal validity was initially supported by intercorrelations among six leadership styles. External validity was verified through correlation analysis between leadership styles and personality traits of the Costa & McCrae (1995) five-factor model. 



key words: leadership styles, managerial behaviours, questionnaire development, factor analysis



Marzanna Farnicka
The Parenthood’s intergenerational transmissions in adapting to modern life challenges

Abstract:

The study was undertaken to identify intergenerational transmission in the patterns of early adulthood developmental tasks, with particular emphasis on parenthood. We attempted to explain how intergenerational values are transmitted to young adults when they become parents and how they realize those parental values that are expected of them. The study was performed on 109 three-generation families, N=407 persons. The results illustrated the diversity of intergenerational transmission, depending on a certain cohort’s sex and membership. Women were found to be more susceptible to transmitting family models. 



key words: developmental task, parenthood, changes in family life patterns, intergeneration transmission, young adult



Patryk Stecz, Józef Kocur
Coping with anxiety in patients undergoing hip replacement

Abstract:

Our research aim was to answer whether temperament traits could predict the anxiety experienced by osteoarthritis patients before and after arthroplasty; we analyzed if coping styles moderated the relationship between temperament and perioperative anxiety, and examined the fluctuation of perceived stress and anxiety.

In the longitudinal study (N=61, mean age 70.9) we measured temperament traits (EAS-A), coping styles (Brief-COPE) and changes of perceived anxiety (STAI) and stress (PSS-10), before and after arthroplasty.
Anxiety and stress decreased significantly after the surgery. Temperament correlated with the anxiety state. Positive correlates were anger, negative affectivity, and fear while negative correlates included sociability and vigor. Regression analyses indicated the predictors of preoperative anxiety which included vigor and negative affectivity. The regression model for the variation of postsurgical anxiety indicated that negative affectivity explained the variance of this variable (
R2=0.57). Moderation analyses confirmed that the temperament and anxiety relationship depended on: active coping, acceptance and planning.

Vulnerable patients with temperamental emotionality and ineffective coping report heightened perioperative anxiety, while effective coping moderates the temperament and anxiety relationship. 



key words: anxiety, coping behavior, osteoarthritis, temperament, chronic disease



Dariusz Kuncewicz, Kinga Lachowicz-Tabaczek, Jacek Załuski
Why insight in psychotherapy does not always lead to behaviour change?

Abstract:

The purpose of this review was to come closer to answering the question why insight gained in psychotherapy does not necessarily lead to a change in patient’s behaviour. The review of literature on the subject of insight allowed us to distinguish two types of insight: “more intellectual than emotional” (I-e) and “more emotional than intellectual” (E-i). In addition, we differentiated E-i insight with a component of negative emotions (aversive) and with a component of positive emotions (corrective). We assumed that each type of insight would motivate the patient to change their behaviour in a different way. The I-e insight makes it easier for the patient to achieve concrete adaptive goals, the E-i aversive insight discourages them from attaining maladaptive goals, while the E-i corrective insight encourages them to form and follow adaptive goals. We also analysed the influence on behaviour change of some other factors, co-occurring with insight: the therapeutic relationship, the actions of the patient and his narrative motivation. Insight does not always lead to a change in behaviour because: 1) the type of the insight does not match the type of patient’s motivation; 2) insight occurs in the con- text of a weak therapeutic relationship or is not reinforced by the patient’s actions; 3) insight is not a key factor of change, but rather its effect or indicator. 



key words: insight, behaviour change, goal-oriented motivation, impulsive motivation, narrative motivation



Emilia Soroko
Internal relationship patterns in borderline and neurotic personality organization: An analysis of self-narratives

Abstract:

The main goals of this study are 1) to explore whether internal relationship patterns are related to personality organization, and 2) to recognize the role that selected relationship patterns play in diagnosing personality organization levels. Internal relationship patterns were assessed according to the core conflictual relationship theme (CCRT) – about wishes (WS), responses from others (RO), and responses of the self (RS) – as identified from participants’ self-narratives about important relationships. Significant differences in the frequencies of patterns were found among participants with borderline personality organization (BPO), neurotic personality organization (NPO), and integrated personality (IPO). For example, the majority of negative RS responses were detected in the BPO sample. The study supports the thesis that relationship patterns might be related to personality organization, and that object representation complexity may be a good predictor of integrated personality organization. 



key words: object relations theory, level of personality organization, relationship patterns, CCRT, narrative analysis, clinical diagnosis



Nina Ogińska-Bulik
Posttraumatic growth following the death of someone close – the role of temperament and resiliency

Abstract:

This study investigates the role that temperament and resiliency play in posttraumatic growth among people who have experienced the death of someone close. Seventy-four participants completed a series of questionnaires measuring posttraumatic growth, using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, resiliency by the Resiliency Assessment Scale, and temperamental traits using the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour – Temperament Inventory. The respondents’ ages ranged from 21 to 74 years (M=38.4; SD=15.5), with 63.5% being women. Most participants had lost a parent – 37.8%. Results reveal that increased appreciation for life and improved relations with others are the most prevalent areas of posttraumatic growth.

Findings suggest that posttraumatic growth is more likely to be determined by resiliency defined as skills gained from coping with various difficult events rather than biologically determined tempera- mental traits. 



key words: posttraumatic growth, resiliency, temperament, bereavement



Małgorzata Wójcik, Katarzyna Popiołek
Prejudice reduction in an educational setting. Practical outcomes from theoretical approaches

Abstract:

Our paper reviews research studies that have investigated interventions aimed at prejudice reduction. The theories and research results are summarized in the following categories: intergroup contact, social identity, and categorization. The intergroup contact approach inspired such techniques as contact hypothesis, jigsaw classroom, Pettigrew’s model, contact with transgression, and imagined intergroup contact hypothesis; while social identity gave the ground for common ingroup identity and crossed categorization theories. We place special emphasis on methods applicable for a school setting, and try to answer the questions: when, why and under which condition will a given method work. 



key words: intervention, prejudice reduction, decategorization, recategorization, intergroup contact



Bogna Bartosz, Agata Lewandowska, Iga Antczak
The nestling – waiting for adulthood?

Abstract:

Our article deals with the problem of ‘nestlings’ – young adults who postpone the moment of entering adulthood. A brief review of data and research results indicates that delays in undertaking developmental tasks typical of adulthood refer to a professional job, starting a family or a relationship, and gaining independence (not only financially). We discuss cultural, economic and psychological contexts of nestling, and attempt to answer the question whether waiting for adulthood is a global problem or a problem specific to only certain countries or just to Poland. It seems necessary to undertake research on this phenomenon. Nestling ought to be explored not only from the adult child’ perspective but from the parental perspective as well. 



key words: waiting for adulthood, global problem, economic reasons, cultural and social reasons, psychological reasons, explorative research, adult children, parents of adult children



Michał Gacek, Władysława Pilecka, Agnieszka Fusińska-Korpik
Psychometric properties of Self-Perception Profile for Children in a Polish sample

Abstract:

The Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) is a measure which allows one to assess children’s self-concept. Our article presents this instrument’s psychometric properties within a Polish sample. In our study we tested 432 elementary school students and 14 form teachers. As validity indicators we used the Teacher’s Rating Scale of Child’s Actual Behavior (TRS) and the average school grade for the previous semester. The Polish version of SPPC yielded good psychometric properties. The instrument’s factorial structure paralleled the structure of the original version. Reliability was high both in terms of internal consistency and test-retest results. Scale validity was confirmed in the correlational analysis. Boys scored higher than girls in the Physical Appearance and Global Self-Worth subscales but lower in the Behavioral Conduct subscale. Younger children scored higher than older children in the Scholastic Competence, Physical Appearance, and Global Self-Worth subscales. Judgments on children’s physical appearance were the best predictor of their global self-worth. 



key words: Self-Perception Profile, self-concept, self-esteem, cross-cultural validation, children



Agnieszka Nomejko, Grażyna Dolińska-Zygmunt
The Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire – psychometric properties

Abstract:

The Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire was designed to measure sexual satisfaction. It consists of 10 items. The results of several studies have supported the Questionnaire as psychometrically sound and valid. It may be a valuable tool for measuring one’s attitude (both cognitively and emotionally) to their own sexual activity. 



key words: sexual satisfaction, sexual quality of life, The Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire



Iwona Grzegorzewska, Lidia Cierpiałkowska
Social Support and Externalizing Symptoms in Children from Alcoholic Families

Abstract:

This study examines whether social support perceived from different sources can significantly predict behavioral problems in children from alcoholic families. Participants are composed of 540 children in three age groups. We use the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale and Youth Self Report/YSR 11-18. Our finding was that children of alcoholics have a greater risk of externalizing symptoms in comparison to children of non-alcoholics. Social support significantly predicts behaviour problems in the different life periods. In alcoholic families it was observed that mother, teacher and peer support negatively correlated with externalizing problems in the different developmental periods. Regression Analysis showed that the important predictors for externalizing such problems are low levels of support from teachers (in middle childhood and late adolescence), peers (in middle childhood) and mothers (in early adolescence). Our concluding remark is that social support perceived by children of alcoholics differs from the support perceived by children from control groups. This is important for prevention and therapy. 



key words: children of alcoholics, behavior problems, social support sources



Agnieszka Woźniewicz, Joanna Kalinowska, Małgorzata Anna Basińska, Bogdan Pietrulewicz
Personal resources and daily life fatigue in caregivers of persons with paraplegia

Abstract:

Taking care of a paraplegic may contribute to the caregiver’s fatigue. Sixty family caregivers participated in our study, out of which 30 provided care for paraplegics in hospital, and 30 for paraplegics at home. The Orientation to Life Qestionnaire (SOC-29) was used to measure individual sense of coherence, The Life Orientation Test – Revised for dispositional optimism, The Polish Resiliency Assessment Scale for resiliency, and The Daily Life Fatigue Questionnaire for daily life fatigue. In order to collect data about caregivers an individual examination was applied. People with higher personal re- source levels such as sense of coherence, optimism and resiliency are characterized by less severe daily life fatigue. 



key words: personal resources, daily life fatigue, caregiver, paraplegia



Marcin Czub, Joanna Piskorz, Mateusz Misiewicz, Paweł Hodowaniec, Małgorzata Mrula, Katarzyna Urbańska
Influence of memory on experienced pain during Virtual Reality analgesia

Abstract:

Virtual Reality (VR) technology can be applied during pain treatment, acting as an effective distractor from pain stimuli. In our paper we investigate how memory influences experienced intensity of thermal pain stimuli. An experiment (within subject design) was conducted on 35 students from various Wroclaw universities. A cold pressor test was used for pain stimulation. Participants were immersed in customized virtual environments, created for this particular study. The environments differed at the level of memory engagement while playing a game. Pain measures were determined by the length of time participants kept their hands in cold water (pain tolerance), and their pain rating intensity was measured on the VAS scale (pain intensity). Participants were asked to put their hand in a container with cold water and keep it there until the pain became difficult to bear.

In both VR conditions participants kept their hands in the cold water significantly longer than in a non-VR (control) condition. Results of pain intensity measures were in conclusive. We did not find any significant differences in effectiveness in the virtual environments that were used. 



key words: virtual reality, pain, attention distraction, cold pressor test, video games, memory



Aleksandra Dembińska, Dominika Ochnik
Use of Internet and its Addictive risk among Polish students – comparative analysis over a seven-year period

Abstract:

Our study reveals the psychosocial changes occurring in Polish students on the Internet in the last seven years. The study comprised two stages (2005 and 2012). The analyses indicated that while the Internet’s intense use has lowered, the factors facilitating Internet risk addiction have become more pronounced. Such risk factors are: the manner of using the Internet (entertainment, pornography); relationships in the cyber community; and time spent online (the more time spent, the greater the risk of addiction). The lower the self-esteem the higher the risk of addiction. However, the percentage of people with Internet addiction symptoms has remained static. 



key words: internet addiction, use of Internet, satisfaction with life, polish students, prospective studies


Year: 2013


Adam Kucharski
Humor as a Regulator of Negative Emotions

Abstract:

The article presents research that aimed to answer whether humor regulates negative emotions. The studies were conducted in the paradigm of precedence. The first group was entered into a negative mood, in the second one however, a positive mood was induced. Afterwards, the respondents were presented with jokes, which were subjected to the evaluation of the degree of their funniness. The conducted observations indicate that the evaluation of jokes emerging at the beginning is consistent with the mood preceding their evaluation, and is higher in the group of people with a positive mood. It was noted however, that the exposure of subsequent humorous stimuli causes that the assessment of the jokes’ funniness changes and is higher among people in whom a negative mood was produced. This indicates that the regulation of emotions under the influence of humorous stimuli may occur along with the presentation of subsequent jokes.



key words: Humor, regulation of emotions, mood, mood improvement, precedence



Celina Timoszyk-Tomczak, Beata Bugajska
Selected Factors of Future Time Perspectives for Women and Men in Later Adulthood

Abstract:

Selected factors of future time perspectives for women and men in later adulthood.
The article presents research aimed at defining relations between formal aspects of future time perspectives of women, men, and aging, as well as selected aspects of individuals’ self-assessments, such as: life satisfaction, optimism, autonomy, self- control, self-improvement, independence, introspection, and pursuit of values.
Research subjects included 227 women and 177 men above the age of sixty. The future time perspective questionnaire, the satisfaction with life scale, the life orientation test, and the introspection scale were all used.
Those aspects of self-image, which were important in the case of women, did not necessarily matter with men. The greatest number of differences between men and women appear in focus on current matters and in long time perspectives. In women the selected aspects of future time perspectives most often relate to pursuit of values and independence, while in men to life satisfaction, age and different intensities of introspection.



key words: future time perspectives, life satisfaction, optimism, autonomy, self-control, self- improvement, independence, introspection, and pursuit of values



Teresa Żółkowska
About the Identity of Disabled People

Abstract:

There is a constant debate in the modern literature about the meaning of the individual and social factors influencing an individual identity. The identity is most often displayed as a construct of a dynamical process of social interaction consisted of various factors that describe the individual psychophysical characteristics of an individual and factors, which stand as an effect of a socialization process. Presented in this article overview of the theories explain the meaning of both the personal and social factors and the relationship with the socio-cultural environment influencing the development of intellectually disabled identity.



key words: intellectual disability, identity, individual differences, socjalization, consumerism



Karolina Kaliszewska
Constructing the Stigma

Abstract:

Perception of other people is influenced mainly by the social categorization processes. Otherness depend on the culture the perceiver was raised in, the socio-political situation of his or her country, and on the individual factors such as: cognitive abilities and cognitive habits, emotions, or the need for closure. The current studies were conducted in the group of 300 students from 18 to 19 years old. It has been showed that the disadvantaged person is perceived mostly in the negative way, that is through their disabilities, disorders and illnesses, which are thought to be interfering with the realization of the needs, aspirations, values or a good social position. In students opinion the disability creates many problems in the social functioning, gaining acceptance of others, or in starting new relationship with normal - able persons. It has been concluded that the outcomes of the cur- rent study should be implemented in the education processes, especially of these students who are planning to become teachers or special educators in the future.



key words: stigma, otherness, social categorization, perception, special education



Urszula Dębska
Disability and Rehabilitation in the Context of Life-Span Psychology

Abstract:

The article discusses another approach to the perception and understanding of disability and rehabilitation as well as to disabled persons themselves. Our discussion set in the context of life-span psychology makes it possible to combine several areas such as development, development support, disability, and rehabilitation in a common semantic space. This theoretical method, resulting from natural notions, may help us change how disabled persons are perceived, that is, only through their deficiencies. Life-span psychology enables one to approach disabled people by treating their rehabilitation as a living process that supports their development.



key words: disability, rehabilitation, life-span psychology



Dominika Stryjewska, Bożena Janda-Dębek
Mental Representations and Cognitive Maps in Humans a Review of Research and Theory

Abstract:

This paper presents the current state of knowledge and research on human mental spatial representations in the form of cognitive maps. Theoretical considerations about the characteristics and components of cognitive maps, as well as about errors made during their construction, are discussed. The probable individual traits involved in mental spatial reconstruction are pointed out. Because most people today live in urban habitats, the paper devotes a considerable amount of space to describing and analyzing cognitive maps by Kevin Lynch. Also discussed is environment legibility, especially in the urban environment.



key words: mental representation, cognitive maps, elements of cognitive maps, errors in cognitive maps, urbanized environment, environment legibility



Alan Mandal
The City as a Spatial and Functional Structure, and as a Place Having Subjective Meanings

Abstract:

Nowadays, the issue of cities and their functions is an important topic in urban studies in geography, architecture, sociology, and, psychology. The social perception and the interpretation of material forms is what the city is for people, and what function it fulfils for them is particularly important. The aim of this study was to investigate the subjective perception of the city’s functions for the people living there. The article conducted research on a group of 228 subjects. The study qualitatively analysed the respondents’ free expressions.
The results showed that the city is frequently seen as a learning and work center, a place for meetings, entertainment, cultural events, and as a place of residence. The city also has many psychological functions related to a person’s identity, sense of attachment, the home, the little country, development, being brought up as a child, growing up, and going into society. Some respondents pointed to the city’s negative functions or to its lack of them. Women more often than men perceived the city as a place of rest and recreation, to learnand work, to development oneself, or to socialize, while men more often perceived it as without any functions or a negative place.



key words: city, urban studies, urban geography, psychology of place



Małgorzata Kościelska
Faith, hope and love and its relations to health

Abstract:

This article has a theoretical character with implications for practice. It presents an original idea of relations between the concepts of health and faith, hope and love. Health is understood here, in accordance with medical tradition, as refer- ring to the condition of the body, that is the biological and physic-chemical nature of man. While faith, hope and love belong to the spiritual, social and mental category. I try, beyond the classic psychosomatic approach, to indicate a broader context of these relationships.



key words: aith, hope, love, health, the spiritual, social, psychological, biological and physicochemical level in the functioning of a man, the role of self in the regulation of human relations with the world



Wiktor Czernianin
Catharsis in Poetry Therapy

Abstract:

I. 1. How poetry arises; I. 2. How poetry heals – catharsis ; II. Catharsis in Poetry Therapy oriented toward therapeutic effect; III. Catharsis in Poetry Therapy oriented toward moral ‘purification’; IV. Catharsis in Poetry Therapy oriented to- ward mystical experience; V. Catharsis in Poetry Therapy oriented toward strictly aesthetic experience; VI. Catharsis in Poetry Therapy oriented toward strictly hedonistic pleasure; VII. Ending.



key words: poetry, Poetry Therapy, catharsis, moral ‘purification’, aesthetic experience



Ilona Sowińska-Gługiewicz, Karolina Kaliszewska
Ways and Strategies for Coping with Stress and Rosacea

Abstract:

Rosacea is a chronic and inflammatory facial dermatosis, which etiology still re- mains unknown. The patogenetic factors of the somatic basis of this disorder have also its psychological causes.
The main aim of the current research was the analysis of the strategies of cop- ing with stress and disease applied by persons suffering from rosacea. The research was exploratory; conducted in two groups. The control group consists of 50 healthy persons, whereas the experimental group consists of 50 patients with rosacea. Both groups where similar in the socio-demographic characteristics. The study used the new and innovative questionnaire, Coping Responses Inventory (CRI) developed by Moos (Moos, R. H., 1986; Moos, R. H., Holahan, Ch. J., 2003). The research data revealed that patients with rosacea use mostly avoidance strategies focused on emotions.



key words: rosacea, disease, stress, coping strategies, avoidance strategies



Joanna Fryt, Władysława Pilecka, Tomasz Smolen
Does Asthma Disturb Executive Functions and Self-regulation in Children?

Abstract:

Due to possible psychosocial and neurocognitive factors, asthma may present a risk to children’s executive functions and self-regulation, especially when it is poorly controlled. One hundred and one 8-11 year-old children (patients with asthma, ADHD and healthy peers) and their parents participated in the study. Four cognitive tasks measuring different executive functions and parent and child ver- sions of behavior regulation inventory were used. Children with asthma had more difficulties shifting their attention between tasks and exhibited more problems in self-regulation than their healthy peers, but their scores were better than children with ADHD. Patients with more intensive treatment, poor symptom control, a his- tory of acute asthma attacks and non-compliance had slightly more difficulties in executive functions and self-regulation.



key words: asthma, symptom control, executive functions, self-regulation



Ewa Zawadzka, Łucja Domańska
Short-term memory, memory abilities in everyday life activities and mood in patients with different insight into their cognitive functioning

Abstract:

The goals of the study were (1) to evaluate the relationship between short-term memory, everyday memory skills, and mood in stroke patients; (2) to investigate the differences between patients with inadequate and adequate insight into their own cognitive abilities; and (3) to determine the level of patient insight into his everyday memory abilities and mood.
In stroke patients significant correlations were obtained between (a) the subjective evaluation of short-term memory and everyday memory skills; and (b) everyday memory skills and mood. In comparison to participants with adequate insight into their own cognitive abilities, patients with inadequate insight manifested significantly lower results in both short-term memory and everyday memory. Affective states influence memory self-reports and determine the goals and the course of neuropsychological rehabilitation.



key words: short-term memory, everyday memory skills, mood, insight into cognitive functioning



Alicja Strzelecka-Lemiech, Alicja Kuczyńska
Subjective determinants of social workers’ readiness to help in cases of domestic violence

Abstract:

The aim of study was comparing the level of readiness to intervene in domestic violence situations declared by welfare workers and laypersons and determining if such reactions depend on a person’s age, level of emotional empathy and social competence, and self-assessment of one’s actively reacting to situations where others need help. In this study took a part 120 welfare workers and 120 laypersons. To measure the readiness to intervene were used 72 short stories describing situations of domestic violence (based on the intervention stages of Latane and Darley model). The Social Competence Questionnaire (SCQ) by A. Matczak was used to gauge the participants’ social competencies and emotional empathy level was measured using the Emotional Empathy Scale developed by M. A. Epstein. Results of study showed among others that welfare workers declare higher level of general readiness to help than laypersons. The best predictor of probability to intervene for social workers was knowledge about appropriate forms of help, and for laypersons was sense of responsibility for reacting in such situations. Social competences were more significant to decision about intervene for laypersons than for welfare workers.



key words: readiness to intervene in domestic violence situations, empathy, social competence, welfare workers and laypersons



Marta Roczniewska, Sylwiusz Retowski, Małgorzata Osowiecka, Marta Wrońska, Izabela Słomska
Work Regulatory Focus Scale – Polish Adaptation

Abstract:

The article introduces the Polish adaptation of the Work Regulatory Focus Scale. The authors tested its validity in three studies. Confirmatory factor analyses vindicated the two-factor solution with a low correlation between promotion and prevention scales and their relatively high reliability (Study 1). We observed the expected differences between dissimilar professions in the levels of regulatory foci (Study 2). Moreover, the tool allowed us to predict participants’ results in a different criterion – creativity (Study 3), by demonstrating that promotion-oriented participants are more original, fluent and divergent in producing creative ideas than prevention-oriented participants. Implications for the results and the WRF Scale are discussed.



key words: regulatory focus,assessment, organizational psychology, creativity



Wladyslaw Jacek Paluchowski, Elżbieta Hornowska
The Working Excessively Questionnaire (WEQ) – theoretical background

Abstract:

There is no widely accepted definition or conceptualization of workaholism. The primary purpose of this paper is to clarify some of these issues and define and contextualize excessive workload together with its negative consequences. Our study presents a more comprehensive understanding of workaholism and takes into account employee’s cognitive (beliefs) and personality factors (perfectionism and obsessive compulsiveness), situational factors of work environment, and person’s working style. A clearer understanding of the underpinnings of workaholism may allow the practitioners to assess and manage work addiction better.



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Elżbieta Hornowska, Władysław Jacek Paluchowski
Refinement and Further Validation of the Working Excessively Questionnaire (WEQ)

Abstract:

Research on the first version of the Working Excessively Questionnaire revealed its potential use for assessing the work overload problem. The aim of the present paper is to present the development and the psychometric properties of the second version of the WEQ.
The development of WEQ occurred in two main steps. In the first phase, an initial list of 229 items was created. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis on a sample of 1,746 persons revealed an interpretable 78-item, four-factor solution with good internal consistency. We considered practical experience from the use of our questionnaire, particularly the comments from workplace studies where the questionnaire had been used. In the second phase, a total of 2,658 employees aged 17 - 67 completed a questionnaire and a demographics survey. An exploratory factor analysis was accomplished using maximum likelihood ex- traction with oblimin rotation. A four-factor structure was retained. The four-factor solution explained 34.58% of the variance and provided a good fit to the data. The final version of the WEQ questionnaire consists of 65 statements. The four factors were Lack Of Control Over Work Scale (LCWS), Perfectionist Working Style Scale (PWSS), General Beliefs About Work Scale (GBWS), and Perceived Oppressiveness Of The Organization Scale (POOS). Each factor contained an ad- equate number of items and had good internal consistency. The results of this study suggest that the revised WEQ appears to be a psychometrically sound tool for the assessment of the work overload problem.



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Henryk Jarosiewicz
Metareflection on decisions concerning career choice

Abstract:

In the article, the author presents the main theses of his Psychologia dążeń I skłonności zawodowych (Psychology of Vocational Strivings and Inclinations, Jarosiewicz, 2012). Empirically grounded, the study draws on career counselling practice, in particular on the provision of career diagnosis on the basis of multiple- choice tests (Achtnich, 2010). Analysing the assumptions behind such qualitative techniques, the author comes to distinguish the phenomenon of choice as such within a wider group of decision-making processes. He defines “choice” as settling on the object of wanting. Choice-making is informed by a person’s prior experiences and desires crystallized as strivings. A person tends to choose what s/he finds personally suitable, because the role of choice consists in subjective directing of one’s activity, that is in self-directing. The author contrasts the subjectivity of choices with the objectivity of decisions, and even with their objectivism in their role of directing things.



key words: choice, decision, strivings, intrinsic/autotelic relations, professional career



Joanna Rajchert, Tomasz Żółtak, Marek Smulczyk
Trait-anxiety’s moderating role in predicting academic performance improvement in PISA

Abstract:

In our research we explored the moderating effect of trait-anxiety on improving academic performance during one year. A large sample of 3457 adolescents (1695 girls and 1762 boys) aged from 16 to 17 years took part in the Polish extension in 2009 of the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) measuring mathematics, reading and science skills. After 12 months they completed the academic performance test once again, and trait and state-anxiety was measured using STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory). Trait-anxiety moderated the change in performance in mathematics but not in science or reading. A high level of trait-anxiety impaired mathematics skills development. Additionally three models for mathematics, reading and science were tested in which state-anxiety predicted 2010 academic performance in these domains.



key words: trait-anxiety, state-anxiety, academic performance, adolescence, PISA



Iwona Krzewska, Grażyna Dolińska-Zygmunt
Sense of Body Boundaries Survey – construction and psychometric values

Abstract:

In fields of modern psychology and psychiatry there was a significant increase of researches on body subject. New instrument designed to measure body image and body-self are appearing. However, method for sense of body boundaries measurement have not been yet constructed. Sense of this kind is presumed to be a important body experience related to human personality and identity formation.
Authors of this article present phases of Sense of the Body Boundaries Survey construction, as well as current psychometric values. Method is designed to measure the means in which individual experience own body surface.
Questionnaire fills the gap in the list of empirical measurement methods in field of body psychology and may be a beginning for numerous interesting studies.



key words: sense of body boundaries, body self



Paweł Izdebski, Martyna Kotyśko
Personality variables and depression as determinants of problematic use of mobile phones in Poland

Abstract:

Our research concerns the problematic use of a mobile phone, which was carried out on a Polish sample. We adapted an instrument to measure that construct, created by Bianchi and Phillips – Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale (MPPUS). The Polish equivalent of this scale, developed by Izdebski and Kotyśko, is called the Problematic Cell Phone Use Questionnaire (PCPUQ). Our main goal was to determine if personality variables and depression are related to using a mobile phone. The study included 315 mobile phone users between the ages 18 to 62. Results showed that problematic mobile phone use was related to a young age, extraversion, low agreeableness and a high level of depression.



key words: problematic use of mobile phones, addiction, personality, depression



Anna Szemplińska, Urszula Dębska
Supporting development of adult persons with intellectual disability living in the L’Arche in the life-span psychology

Abstract:

We approach the problem of possibilities of intellectually disabled persons development in the context of a specific experience which is the life in L’Arche communities. Empirical references constitute the research of a narrative type. Theoretical foundations are based on Jeana Vanier’s personalistic philosophy as well as in the context of development from the point of view of life-span psychology and development support.



key words: supporting development, intellectual disability, L’Arche, Communities life-span psy- chology



Władysław Jacek Paluchowski, Elżbieta Hornowska, Piotr Haładziński, Lech Kaczmarek
Causes and consequences of lack of control over work – analyzing correlates of the LCWS of the Working Excessively Questionnaire (WEQ)

Abstract:

This article presents the results of correlation studies on the Lack of Control Over Work Scale (LCWS) of the Working Excessively Questionnaire (WEQ), developed by Hornowska and Paluchowski (2007). LCWS consists of items indicating a lack of control over the work sphere, in the cognitive, behavioral and social dimension. The results of the LCWS Scale may be applied to research with the use of WEQ questionnaire as a screening tool allowing to differentiate the individuals addicted to work from those who are not in danger of becoming addicted or those who are in the risk group. The aim of our study was to investigate the psychological correlates of the lack of control over work. We formulated hypotheses concerning the relationship between the LCWS and constructs like self-esteem, locus of control, temperamental traits, and sense of mission. We also tested hypothesis concerning demographic factor and the LCWS.



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Władysław Jacek Paluchowski, Elżbieta Hornowska, Piotr Haładziński, Lech Kaczmarek
Adaptive or maladaptive perfectionism? The analysis of correlates of the PWSS of the Working Excessively Questionnaire (WEQ)

Abstract:

This article presents the results of correlation studies on the Perfectionist Working Style Scale (PWSS) of the Working Excessively Questionnaire (WEQ), developed by Hornowska and Paluchowski (2007). The items of PWSS do not relate to consequences of excessive workload or work addiction, as much as to potential causes of these phenomena. The items pertain to a person’s way / style of preparing and conducting work activities, which is characterized by a person’s excessive strive for excellence. The aim of the study was to investigate the psychological correlates of the perfectionist working style. We formulated hypotheses that apply to the relationship between PWSS and constructs such as self-esteem, locus of control, temperamental traits, hope for success and need for achievement.



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Władysław Jacek Paluchowski, Elżbieta Hornowska, Piotr Haładziński, Lech Kaczmarek
Analyzing correlates of the GBWS of the Working Excessively Questionnaire (WEQ)

Abstract:

This article presents the results of correlation studies on the General Beliefs About Work Scale (GBWS) of the Working Excessively Questionnaire (WEQ), developed by Hornowska and Paluchowski (2007). GBWS consists of items describing possible beliefs about work. Many of them refer to the attitude towards the working hours. The results of the GBWS may be used to find internal factors that con- tribute to excessive workload. Our aim was to analyze the psychological correlates of a belief that work defines the value of a person. We formulated hypotheses concerning the relationship between the GBWS and constructs like attachment style, temperament traits, hope for success, self-esteem and demographic data.



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Władysław Jacek Paluchowski, Elżbieta Hornowska, Piotr Haładziński, Lech Kaczmarek
Analyzing correlates of the POOS of the Working Excessively Questionnaire (WEQ)

Abstract:

This article presents the results of correlation studies on the Perceived Oppressiveness of the Organization Scale (POOS) of the Working Excessively Questionnaire (WEQ) - developed by Hornowska and Paluchowski (2007). POOS consists of items referring to a person’s functioning within their work organization. Answers on this scale allow to point out the risk factors associated with workplace characteristics that may lead to work addiction. The aim of the study was to investigate the psychological correlates of the perceived oppressiveness of a workplace. We hypothesized that the POOS may be connected to constructs like locus of control, temperamental traits and self esteem. We also tested the demographic factors.



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Michał Dębek, Bożena Janda-Dębe
Attitude towards architectural objects and the Construal Level Theory (CLT) by Liberman and Trope

Abstract:

Human attitude towards architectural objects depends on many factors. These include cultural, situational, and individual conditions, as well as psychological distance towards the object. Yaacov Trope and Nira Liberman – creators of the Construal Level Theory (CLT) – maintain that psychological distance towards any object may significantly influence psychological construction of the object; we construct psychologically distant objects more abstractly, and close ones – more concretely.
In our article we present the results of a study in which we manipulated the psychological distance towards architectural objects, making them more concrete (bringing them closer psychologically to test participants) by placing logos of chosen restaurant brands on their fronts. We were looking for an answer to the question: Is an abstract object (building) evaluated differently than a more concrete one despite the fact that both have identical formal features (color, shape, form)?
We tested 120 people. Experiment results support the assumptions of the CLT. Participants reacted differently to an abstract object (without a signboard) than to all objects made more concrete with restaurant logo signboards (including a fictional franchise). The differences in affective reactions were especially significant. Reactions to objects on the same level of concreteness did not differ, even between varying brands. Regardless of brands, affective reactions towards more concrete objects (any signboard, any brand) were more positive than towards an abstract object (without signboard).



key words: Construal Level Theory, CLT, Liberman, Trope, environmental psychology, architecture evaluation, evaluation of architectural objects



Aleksandra H. Rutkowska, Joanna Milanowska, Agnieszka J. Kowalska, Agnieszka Rolińska, Danuta Podstawka, Karolina Kryś- Noszczyk, Katarzyna Sidor, Urszula Łopuszańska, Anna Kwaśniewska, Marta Makara – Studzińska
The System Of Values In Normal And High-risk Pregnancies

Abstract:

The values to which a person adheres shape one’s personality. The aim of our present project was to assess whether, and in what way, the crisis connected with high-risk pregnancy influences a woman’s system of values.
The study group consisted of 61 patients in the Department and Ward of Obstetrics and Pregnancy Pathology of the Medical University of Lublin in their first high-risk pregnancy. The control group was composed of 50 women in their first normal pregnancy. The average age in each group was 27.4. The majority of women were married and educated.
Method: sociometric survey and the Polish adaptation of Value Survey (VS) by M. Rokeach, 1973. Data was analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U Test.
The study showed no differences between the preferred terminal and instrumental values in either group. The terminal values included: Family security, Mature love, Wisdom, Self-Respect etc.; the instrumental ones included: Love, Responsibility, Honesty, etc.
Conclusions:
1. High-risk pregnancy does not affect a woman’s system of values.



key words: pregnancy, high-risk, social values



Grażyna Dolińska-Zygmunt, Katarzyna Mokrzyńska
Personal quality of life factors among imprisoned repeat offenders

Abstract:

Our objective was to demonstrate the level of life quality among recidivist prisoners and to determine the personal factors associated with that feature.
In our research 100 prisoners participated. Used in the measurement were The Questionnaire of Sense Of Quality of Life, Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire INTE, Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, Generalized Self Efficacy Scale (GSES), and Life Orientation Test- Revised – LOT-R.
The measured quality of life levels were as follows: 32% prisoners obtained low; 59% average and 9% high scores. These persons had low levels of emotional intelligence (41% low scores), an average level of optimism (66% average scores) and high self-efficacy (42% high scores). Prisoners negatively evaluated their past, fatalistically evaluated their present, and firmly focused on the future. The study indicates a strong correlation between sense of life quality and emotional intelligence, and future time perspective and optimism. This information might be important in creating rehabilitation programs for prisoners.



key words: sense of quality of life, emotional intelligence, time perspective, self-efficacy, optimism


Year: 2012


Marcin Czub, Joanna Piskorz
Effectiveness of Different Virtual Reality Environments on Thermal Pain Distraction

Abstract:

This study investigated analgesia mechanisms by using virtual reality (VR) technology. We tested how the content of a virtual environment (VE) influences the in- tensity of experienced pain. Two different VE’s were used – relaxation and stimulation, and pain was triggered by heat stimuli. We used repeated experimental designs for the study. Thirty-two undergraduate psychology students participated, with each person being immersed in two VE’s while a heat stimulus was applied to their wrist. Objective and subjective pain measurements were collected on a visual analog scale (VAS) – the temperature of the heat stimulus and the participant’s assessment of pain intensity. Participants also filled in questionnaires designed to measure their temperaments and anxiety levels. We also recorded the subject’s respiratory rate. We found no significant difference between the two VE’s in their analgesic efficacy. Under both VR conditions participants endured significantly higher temperatures than under the no-VR condition. We found no significant differences in the influence of temperament or anxiety on a specific VE efficacy.



key words: Virtual Reality, Pain Tolerance, Analgesia, Virtual Environment, Thermal Stimulation



Lidia Cierpiałkowska, Monika Marszał, Malwina Pieniążek
Defensive functioning in individuals with borderline personality organization in the light of empirical re- search

Abstract:

This article attempts to describe borderline personality organization from the point of view of the defense mechanisms constellation. A brief theoretical review has been provided, and results of classical and more recent empirical studies in this area have been presented; the author’s own research on defense mechanisms employed by individuals with BPO has been described. The larger part of the results are in accord with accepted theoretical assumptions, namely, that individuals with BPO are characterized by a high index use of primitive defense mechanisms, and with a concomitant low index use of more developmentally mature defenses.



key words: borderline personality organization, defense mechanisms, splitting, personality disorders



Marlena M. Kossakowska, Czanita Cieścińska, Joanna Tkaczyk, Jakub Cieściński, Waldemar J. Placek
Coping strategies as predictors of health behaviour in chronic dermatoses

Abstract:

This study aims to measure health behaviour change in chronic dermatoses and to assess the predictive power of coping strategies for engagement in health behaviour. The research sample was comprised of 120 participants, which included a group of 60 patients with chronic dermatoses (30 patients with psoriasis and 30 patients with vitiligo) and 60 healthy individuals as controls. Instruments used in this study were Health Behaviour Inventory and Coping Orientations to Problems Experiences COPE. The study revealed that there is no difference in health behaviour between vitiligo patients and controls. Psoriasis patients more frequently engage in preventive behaviour than healthy individuals. Coping strategies can be used to predict health behaviour in chronic dermatoses.



key words: health behaviour, psoriasis, vitiligo, coping strategies



Agnieszka Widera-Wysoczańska
Factors influencing court diagnoses of sexually abused children and their family - some lessons from practice

Abstract:

On the basis of having analysed 50 psychological court investigations with children, ages three to 11, and thought to have experienced sexual abuse, problems of psychologically assessing a child and the method of writing a psychological report will be described. Data analysis was applied for interpretation of the documents, based on qualitative hermeneutical procedures. Sexual abuse of children was reported to the prosecution by the mother of the child on its own initiative or was motivated by the institutions (kindergarten, school, psychologist). I chose to analyze the opinions in which the partner (husband or partner) of the mother was suspected of molestation and also was the child’s father or step-father. Suspects had a high school education or higher and had a well established professional career. Research results showed that some of the problems that psychologists have to deal with are 1. methods: theoretical assumptions on which the diagnosis is based, diagnostic tools, the process of diagnosis adjusted for the child’s age; 2. psychological phenomena in the course of diagnosis: internal processes in childhood, mothers, suspicions, the situation and motivation of mothers, the offenders relationships with the child and the parent; 3. topics for diagnosis; 4. presenting material from the diagnosis.



key words: court psychological assessment, sexual abuse, suggestiveness, credibility, abuse disclosed at divorce, suspect and the child during psychological diagnosis



Grażyna Dolińska-Zygmunt, Małgorzata Włodarczyk
Woman’s image in the menopausal period

Abstract:

Present studies on experiencing menopause by women emphasise the importance not only of hormonal and psychological variables but also of socio-cultural ones. This article presents the results of our research, whose aim was to analyse if and in what way age influences the image of a woman in her menopausal period. Forty women, ages 40-52, and 64 women, ages 20-35, participated in the research. Qualitative analysis indicates that age influences a woman’s image during her menopause. The young women perceived menopause more negatively, stressing its physiology in this life phase. However, the women in the menopausal period had either a positive or a negative image of it. The women with a positive image associated menopause mainly with a natural life phase, as a full-fledged woman who knew her strengths.



key words: menopause, women in the menopausal period



Danuta Borecka-Biernat
Children copying or learning parental/adult aggression as a way to manage their own social conflicts

Abstract:

The primary purpose of the survey was to attempt to determine whether the strategy of aggressively managing social conflicts by young people co-existed with their parents’ aggression-biased strategy for managing these same conflicts. The causes for such coexistence (if it occurs) were sought, in particular the role model which can be assigned to the case under consideration. The author’s questionnaire for examining the parental strategy as perceived by a child and the author’s questionnaire for examining the strategy as to how young people cope with that strategy were applied in the survey. The survey was conducted on a group of 811 adoles- cents (414 girls and 397 boys) ages 13-15. The group included pupils from junior high schools in Wrocław and its environs. It was found that parents who apply a strategy based on aggression contribute to the modelling of aggressive strategies used by young people. It should be noted that sex plays an important role in the modelling. Impacts made by a parent of the opposite sex which favours the strategy of aggression developed by adolescent young people was also noted.



key words: social conflict , strategy for managing aggressive social conflicts, behaviour modelling Introduction



Małgorzata Gocman, Małgorzata Szarzyńska, Paul A. Toro
Youth aging out of foster care in Poland: Preliminary evaluation results from a pilot prevention program

Abstract:

The aim of this study was to provide results of a preliminary evaluation of the BRIGE (Building Resilience through Intervention, Guidance, and Empowerment) prevention program. The program was designed for youths aging out of the foster care system in Poland and starting independent life. Prior research by our research team documented that these youth are at high risk for homelessness, mental health problems, and other poor outcomes in the years after exiting foster care. Research participants were the first 5 youths who entered the BRIGE program (in fall 2009). All were preparing to leave orphanages in Poland. Each youth was appointed a case manager who worked with the youth over a period of at least 18 months. Each youth was evaluated at 4 times of measurement: program entry (Baseline), 6 months (follow-up 1), 12 months (follow-up 2), and 18 months (follow-up 3). The results showed that, in terms of mental health outcomes on the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), there were reductions in most symptom areas.



key words: Foster Care, mental health, prevention, orphanages



Miriam Faderewski, Patrycja Grzelewska
The unconscious influence of touch on judgements and prosocial attitudes

Abstract:

The aim of the study was to investigate whether irrelevant haptic experience can unconsciously influence reasoning and prosocial attitudes. A secondary aim was to test whether this effect depends on individual sensitivity to tactile information. We examined whether the warmth and weight of held objects influences judgments of important situations and attitudes. Additionally, we investigated if high autotelic orientation reduces susceptibility to the unconscious influence of tactile sensations. The results showed that by touching heavy and warm objects an en- trusted task is regarded as important, that touching warm objects does not increase prosocial attitudes, and that high autotelic orientation increases sensitivity to the influence of the touched object.



key words: decision-making, embodiment, importance, judgment, need for touch, prosocial behavior, unconscious



Michał Dębek, Bożena Janda-Dębek
Temperament and perceived attractiveness of architectural objects

Abstract:

Research so far and hypotheses about psychological aspects of perception suggest that attitudes towards objects can be affected by individual traits, especially temperament.
In this article the authors attempt to discuss whether attitudes towards architectural an object could be conditioned individually, at the level of temperamental differences. The authors reveal empirical findings on the relation of temperament to attitudes towards architectural structures featured in various shapes, colors and forms. The study included 389 persons. The fundamental issue was addressed using 3D architectural models (with variable controlled formal features) and the author’s Questionnaire on Attitudes to Architectural Objects. The obtained results are unambiguous: Temperament varies the attitude, but not unconditionally. Significant variation of attitudes due to temperament seems to affect architectural objects only with specific layouts of formal features. Nevertheless, the presented results can be treated as a premise for further research in this field of study.



key words: temperament, formal features of buildings, environmental psychology, perception of architecture, attitudes toward architectural objects, assessment of architectural structures, evaluation of buildings, aesthetic preferences



Paweł Krukow
Neuropsychological Determinants of Social Functioning in Patients with Right Hemisphere Ischemic Damage – Clinical Applications

Abstract:


key words: neuropsychology, social cognition, right hemisphere, ischemic stroke



Jan Chodkiewicz
Quality of Life and Therapy Effects among Alcoholics

Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlation between an alcoholic’s quality of life and the results of therapy which were defined as the ability to maintain abstinence for one year. The Life Satisfaction Questionnaire FLZ by Fahrenberg and others, and the the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) by Watson and others were applied in this study. The study was conducted at the be- ginning and end of therapy, one year after subjects started maintaining abstinence, with one group (n = 64) sustaining their abstinence and the second group (n = 81) relapsing into drinking. Results indicate that at the beginning of treatment the groups’ levels of life satisfaction and affect did not differ. When therapy ended, people maintaining abstinence were characterized by higher levels of overall satisfaction with life and satisfaction with health, leisure, and friends. Throughout the treatment, patients who remained abstinent experienced significant increases in several dimensions of life satisfaction, overall satisfaction, and positive affects. These were not observed among patients who relapsed into drinking.



key words: alcohol dependence, quality of life, therapy, maintaining abstinence



Aleksandra Hulewska
Applying Social Skills Training (SST) in a Programme for Doctors

Abstract:

This article is a continuation of a research project conducted in late 2010-2011. The results of that research showed that in medical circles there is a high demand for training in the fields of effective communication, assertiveness, establishing a close, intimate contact with patients and/or their families and so on. In that situation it was decided to check whether, in the opinion of the training participants, applying SST to help doctors develop social competences used in their daily work would turn out to be useful. For this purpose, a series of training sessions for doctors was designed, implemented and thereafter evaluated. A comparison of the evaluations carried at three time points - before training, immediately after, and three months following completion of the training - has led us to conclude that SST can be a useful tool for doctors to develop social skills facilitating their daily contacts with patients and their families.



key words: doctor-patient relation, doctor-patient’s family relation, doctor’s social competence, education of doctors, Social Skills Training (SST), evaluation



Marta Kochan-Wójcik
Spousal Similarities in Self-differentiation and Corporal Self

Abstract:

The research aim is to verify the similarity that selected spouses demonstrate regarding their levels of self-differentiation and the strengths of their physical selves. Murray Bowen’s Family Systems Theory and Sakson-Obada’s model of corporal self constitute the theoretical basis for the examination. It is assumed that the level of spousal self-differentiation can be correlated; however, the spouses differ in this variable’s certain dimensions. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that partners are similar in the physical self’s strength with the exception of the attitude toward their own bodies. Research was conducted on 56 young couples married for five years or less. The hypotheses were confirmed to a large extent. The discussion focused on an analysis of dissimilar mechanisms used by wives and husbands in dealing with their marital tensions. In this context, possibly prevent- ing marital dissatisfaction via supporting spouses in developing self-differentiation and deepening an awareness of their corporeity is also discussed.



key words: differentiation of self, corporal self disorders, Bowen family systems theory, marital satisfaction



Elżbieta Napora
How Adolescents and their Single-mothers Communicate in the South of Poland

Abstract:

Sixty-four adolescent girls and 35 boys, from single–mother families in the South of Poland assessed the quality of their communication with their mothers using the Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS). ANOVA’s were performed to link the scores to mother and family characteristics. Mothers with the highest educational level were assessed as the best communicators both by the sons and daughters, with their result depending on the mothers’ age. It was the strongest for mothers aged 42 and younger where, with education increased beyond grade 10 through vocational to secondary or tertiary, a positive 45% increase in communication was observed at a significance level of p<0.002. With some exceptions, the best communication was reported by adolescents with the fewest siblings and those from towns.



key words: single–mother family; homogeneous dyad; heterogeneous dyad; inter–family relationships



Łukasz Baka, Romuald Derbis
Job Stressors, Job Burnout and Work Engagement: Do Work-family Conflict and Type-A Behaviour Play Roles in Regulating them?

Abstract:

The objective of our study was to examine whether work-family conflicts and type A behaviour pattern mediate in the dependence between job stressors, job burnout, and work engagement. According to the job demands, we assumed that job stressors would influence job burnout and involvement by means of the variable of work-family conflict. Whereas type A behaviour pattern would moderate the effect of job stressors upon job burnout and work engagement. The examined group comprised medical staff (N = 282). The research results support the hypothesis to a large extent. The results confirm significantly the assumptions of the job demands – resources model, and they suggest developing the model.



key words: job stressors, job burnout, work engagement, work-family conflict, type A behaviour pattern



Eliza Weronika Szczerbak, Dariusz Parzelski, Artur Poczwardowski
Keeping Your Distance: The Relationship Between the Size of Psychological Distance and Sport Type

Abstract:

Psychological distance (PD) measures individual responses to an intruder enter- ing one’s personal space. PD is based on four theories of human spatial behaviors - proxemics (Hall, 1990), personal space (Hayduk, 1981a, 1981b), interpersonal distance (Aiello, 1987) and privacy (Westin, 1967). The present study examined whether gender and type of sport influence the emotional attitudes towards the respective sport and the size of PD in pair dancers (n = 41) and combat athletes (n = 42). Dancers and females expressed a more positive attitude towards their respective sport. Moreover, combat athletes were characterized by smaller psychological distance than dancers. The results questioned the hypothesized positive relationship between positive emotions and smaller distance.



key words: psychological distance, emotional attitude, gender, sport


Year: 2011


Jenny Mercer, Dan Heggs
“...it’s difficult to study psychology in a different way”: reflections of Polish ERASMUS students on a year of a psychology degree in the UK

Abstract:

This study explores accounts of Polish ERASMUS students who had taken part in a study abroad year in a British university. The objective was to investigate if prior knowledge of studying psychology in one country mediates the experience in another and to discuss how participants found the process of integration in relation to studying in a different country. Focus group interviews were analysed using a thematic anlaysis technique. Some challenging contrasting pedagogical and epistemological differences between the two systems emerged and integration between home and ERASMUS students was reported as being low level. Discus- sions about how these findings can be related to the aims of ERASMUS and the wider remit of internationalisation are offered.



key words: ERASMUS, Poland, inter-cultural experience, internationalisation



Bożena Janda-Dębek, Anna Jakubiec, Kinga Januszek, Katarzyna Joczyn, Anna Kurczewska
Liars and others An attempt to verify the hypothesis that it is humanly possible to detect deceivers

Abstract:

This article presents the results of empirical research verifying the hypothesis that it is humanly possible to detect deceivers. The theoretical basis for the research project were the assumptions of the social contract conception by Leda Cosmides and John Tooby. The project was conducted in a few research stages, in which 556 people took part (221 people in the actual research). After analysis of the results, which constituted photographs and films with men participating, an answer was given to the main research question (Is there a significant difference between accuracy in identifying liars and people possessing other socially unwelcome features?) . Analyses in the preliminary stages also answered the question concerning people’s convictions on the harmfulness of telling a lie in social relations, as well as in their declarations concerning the ability level of identifying and remembering liars.



key words: lie, socially unwelcome features, identification of liars



Alicja Kuczyńska
Bonding Behavior and Social Etiquette: People’s Reactions to Bonding Behavior Inconsistent with Social Norm

Abstract:

Evolutionary concepts suggest the existence of special patterns of behaviors which are an effective way to achieve bonds (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1987). The results of psychological research, using scenarios involving behavior consistent with social norms, confirm these suggestions. Such behavioral patterns indeed fulfill their bonding function, both in the initial phase of forming a close relationship (Kuczyńska, 1991, 1993.1999), as well as in maintaining it (Kuczyńska, 1998). They have a positive influence on the affective, cognitive and behavioral reactions of individuals to whom they are presented (Kuczyńska, 1998). The purpose of this research was twofold: to test whether these behaviors would also be so effective when they are inconsistent with social norms, and to determine what part social norms play in the affective, cognitive and behavioral reactions of people towards whom such behaviors are presented. One hundred sixty people took part in the study. A pair of specially trained researchers presented four types of behaviors: neutral and bonding behaviors consistent with social norms, and friendly and sexual behaviors inconsistent with social standards. The results prove that the subjects’ reactions depend on the degree of conformity between the behaviors and social norms and on the strength of their bonding.



key words:



Marta Kochan-Wójcik
Experiencing one’s own corporeity vs. the level of differentiation of self

Abstract:

This paper attempts to find an empirical answer to the question whether experiencing their own corporeity by women is related in any way to their level of differentiation shaped in the stage of up-bringing. Another question raised in this treatise is whether remaining in a partner relationship influences the strength and quality of both variables. Research is based on analysis of a survey carried out on 86 women aged 21-26. The theoretical basis for the research was O. Sakson-Obada’s corporal self model and M. Bowen’s concept of differentiation. The relation between the strength of the corporal self and the level of differentiation was confirmed. Additionally, it was observed that single women and women remaining in relationships differ from each other with regard to emotional distance toward the partner, as well as the intensity of corporal self disorders. Research results seem to be meaningful in the field of psychological therapy.



key words: Female body image, corporal self, corporal self disorders, concept of differentiation, Bowenian family system



Alicja Keplinger, Dorota Dominiczak
Psychological gender and quality of life of women who have experienced mastectomy

Abstract:

The purpose of this article is to present the results of a correlational study on the relationship between three elements: psychological gender, quality of life and mastectomy. The research question was formulated as follows: “Do women of different psychological genders who have undergone mastectomies differ in their way of sensing their quality of life?” Results are based on our own empirical research on a group of 70 women between the ages of 41 and 72. In the past all of these women underwent mastectomies. Results reveal that in comparison with other persons surveyed, androgynous women may have a higher level of satisfaction and sense of ability/productivity in dealing with this disease. Interestingly, so- called “masculine women” do not appear within the researched persons’ gender identity types. Perhaps the breast cancer experience has caused a distinct focus on not only physical but also psychological, namely identity related, femininity attributes, contributing to identity-related compensation of one’s own femininity. The obtained results are a strong inspiration for further research.



key words:



Marta Kochan-Wójcik
In and out of a relationship: A case study of Mr. W. in terms of Murray Bowen’s family systems theory

Abstract:

The article presents possibilities of the practical application of Murray Bowen’s family systems theory in the therapy of an individual client. The theory explains emotional processes in a family system as well as the ways in which family members cope with anxiety, closeness and distance in relationships. What is more, by describing symptom formation, the theory shows intergenerational processes of family projection. Following Bowen’s approach, this case study depicts a man who reports somatic symptoms and anxieties about establishing a partner relation- ship and starting a family. The analysis offers both systemic and individual views on the client’s problems, and determines the directions of the therapy.



key words: Family Systems Theory, Family Relations; Differentiation of Self, Intergenerational Transmission; Chronic Anxiety; Emotional Regulation; Triangulation


Year: 2010


Elżbieta Stojanowska
The Influence of Interpersonal and Instrumental Feedback on Self-Disclosure of People with Different Levels of Self-Esteem

Abstract:

The influence of positive “interpersonal” and “instrumental” feedback on declared self-disclosure with a new acquaintance was investigated in a group of 120 women and men. Results showed that low self-esteem men declared the most intimate self- disclosure after receiving interpersonal feedback. On the contrary, high self-esteem men were ready to disclose the most personal information after instrumental feed- back. In the female group low self-esteem women declared stronger self-disclosure in neutral conditions than after receiving positive feedback, and in turn high self-esteem women were ready to reveal themselves at the same level, regardless of conditions. The effects are discussed according to socialization processes, and specific, or nonspecific labeling influences on the subject’s behavior.



key words: self-disclosure, self-esteem, social feedback, labeling effect



Bożena Janda-Dębek, Agnieszka Szmigielska-Sycz
How Severe Was my Headache? Misremembering of Convictions on Physical Conditions Under Suggestions

Abstract:

Misremembering under suggestion is a problem discussed very often in the latest scientific research. In the literature, especially English, many investigations are described concerning deformations of episodic memory, as well as misremembering connected with past emotions, attitudes and beliefs. Our main purpose of this article is to present concrete research on misremembering associated with beliefs about one’s own physical condition. An experiment was presented in which a researcher, by means of suggestion, tried to change participants’ beliefs about their headache frequency in the past. At the same time we verified the hypothesis of misremembering on headache anxiety (understood as a symptom) on the beliefs.



key words: misremembering, physical condition beliefs, headache, suggestion



Danuta Borecka-Biernat
Parents’ Educational Attitudes as a Determinant of Defensive Strategies of Teenagers in Managing Interpersonal Conflict Situations

Abstract:

The aim of the research was to seek the family-grounded aetiology for adolescents’ defence strategies (aggression, avoidance, submission) of coping with social conflict situations determined by parental attitudes. The study used the Roe- Siegelman PCR III Questionnaire to examine the perception of parental attitudes and the Conflict Resolution Style Questionnaire (KSRK) by T. Wach. The empirical survey was conducted on a group of 126 adolescents (68 girls and 58 boys) at the age of 14–15. On the grounds of the research conducted it has been stated that improper educational attitudes characterised by emotional distance or emotional concentration of mothers and fathers towards an adolescent are a significant predictor of defensive strategies of coping in social conflict situations.



key words: school youth, education in a family, ex post facto procedure



Elżbieta Napora, Anna M. Schneider
The Influence of Parenting Style in Single Mother Families from the South of Poland on an Emotional Functioning of Adolescent Girls and Boys

Abstract:

Seventy adolescents, 35 girls and 35 boys, from single mother families in the South of Poland were tested in order to establish factors determining their emotional functioning. It was found that communication quality, which is the deciding component of the parenting process, does not differ significantly between mother- son and mother-daughter dyads. However, good communication significantly aids sons’ development in the emotional intelligence dimension of cognitive control over emotions and the dimension of understanding and becoming aware of emotions, factors that foster social adjustment. Meanwhile there is no significant correlation between the style of mother-daughter communication and girls’ levels of emotional intelligence or scoring on any of the dimensions tested. This indicates that in the South of Poland mothers’ positive influence is more important for psychosocial development of their sons than their daughters.



key words: single parenting, homogeneous dyad, heterogeneous dyad



Aleksandr Lobanov, Alla Danilenko
The Health Saving Principle in Modernizing the System of Higher Education

Abstract:

The article presents a systematic analysis of higher education restructuring. The analysis begins by explaining the competence approach, which provides for implementation of the health saving principle. It outlines the topical problem in circumstances where the health of the growing generation is worsening as a consequence of a difficult demographic situation.



key words: competence approach, professional and personal development, health, health saving, holistic health



Alina Czapiga
Intellectual Development Disorders in Childhood: Theoretical Aspects

Abstract:

Groups of disorders diagnosed in childhood and adolescence are presented on the basis of the DSM-IV TR classification system. Mental handicaps, epidemiology of disorders and concrete thinking in persons with mild mental retardation have been more widely discussed.



key words: childhood disorders, mental handicaps, mental retardation, concrete thinking, incidence of mental retardation



Bianka Lewandowska
Cultural and Social Conditionings of Narcissistic Personality Disorders

Abstract:

The text discusses the social and cultural determinants of the increase of narcissistic personality disorder. Clinical perspective of developmental psychology was adapted here to examin the views of Donald Winnicott on the consequences of healthy and impaired mother-child relationship for the developing personality. In light of this analysis, the contemporary tendencies that hinder proper development of the relationship are indicated. Cultural factors that reinforce narcissistic disorder in the later stages of development are also mentioned. Such an arrangement of the image of narcissistic disorder conditions seems to be important for early prevention of this phenomenon.



key words: narcissism, personality disorder, Donald Winnicott, mother-child relationship, prevention



Magdalena Żurko1
Antoni Kępiński’s Views on the Relation Between the Value System and Personality Disorders

Abstract:

The article discusses Antoni Kępiński’s views on the relationship between irregularities in the assessment process and personality disorders. A. Kępiński represents humanistic psychiatry, which stresses the integral treatment of a sufferer and does not recognize a clear-cut boundary between health and illness.
The stiffness of responses so characteristic of personality disorders is connected with self-protection, contradictions between assessment layers (the official and un- official hierarchy, a biological and emotional hierarchy vs. a social and cultural one) and lies told about oneself. What matters when working with people suffering from this type of disorders is the quality of the therapeutic relationship, which allows for organising the assessment process. Adolescence creates favourable conditions for working on the system of values connected with personality shaping. Both disordered and healthy persons need to ask themselves how organise their lives.



key words: personality disorders, adolescence, system of values, humanistic psychiatry



Justyna Tomczyk
Narcissistic Personality. Sociological Determinants of Self-Addiction

Abstract:

This article is an attempt to describe a narcissist personality and to distinguish its sociological determinants. The focus and main subject is the phenomenon of self- addiction. The phenomenon of self-addition described here, whose social indicator is contact with a group and relations created within it, was discussed in the relevant literature only diversely and non-systematically. The understanding and sociological interpretation of this phenomenon is still open, while basic questions related to addiction “to oneself”, “through one’s ‘self”, and “within oneself” help to determine it as a socially generated pathology or deviation, where self-addiction is caused by weakening of group bonds and the disappearance of a sense of belonging to a group and loss of the “we” meaning.



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Katarzyna Durniat
Mobbing as Psychopathology of Personality and Pathology of Organization

Abstract:

The author describes the pathology of mobbing in the workplace in view of some international and her own research findings. In the paper mobbing is regarded both as a pathology within the context of an organization as well as a psychopathology of an individual (perpetrator) and a group (mobbing witnesses). The mechanisms of the phenomenon are not limited to the narrow organisational or corporate con- text and are undoubtedly attributable to wider mechanisms of psychological harassment and aggression. It is highly laudable to examine the dynamics of bullying in a broader context of moral abuse, much in the fashion of the French psychiatrist and victimologist, Marie- France Hirigoyen. The author of the paper presents some elements of her own model of mobbing, aroused both from her clinical experience (interviews with mobbing victims in 2004 and 2005) and the original research (two series of quantitative studies: 2005–2006; N=367 and 2007–2008; N=465). The results of the studies are indicative of a strong correlation between mobbing and some socio-organizational determinants as well as experiencing moral harassment and the negative psycho-somatic state in which the victims of persecution are. Mobbing proves to be a serious, heterogenic and interactional problem for an individual, organization and society.



key words: mobbing/bullying, mobbing/bullying victim, perpetrator, mobber, SDM questionnaire, socio-organizational mobbing factors



Alicja Kuczyńska, Joanna Paszko
Adequacy of Social Competence Self-Beliefs in Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder

Abstract:

Theoretical and empirical papers on the social functioning of people with border- line personality disorder and diagnostic criteria for these disorders suggest that they have weaker social competence than healthy people. However, there is no clear data which would allow one to determine whether they have adequate self-beliefs on the subject. The study attempted to find an answer to this question. The sample consisted of 168 university students of which 24 were characterized by features with BTD traits (“B +” group) and 144 persons normal controls (“B-“group). The study showed that in a safe situation (without direct, real participation in certain situations) where they can describe themselves and their reactions, people with BPD features have appropriate beliefs about their social competence.



key words: borderline personality disorder (BPD),social competence self-beliefs, nonclinical group



Alina Czapiga
Level of Mental Development in a Child – Psychological Diagnosis, Criteria and Diagnostic tools

Abstract:

Three groups of diagnostic criteria of mental handicap included in the classification system of the American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV TR (2000) are discussed in this article. Diagnostic stages and the most common diagnostic tools used in measuring intelligence quotients and adaptive behavior in children are presented.



key words: mental handicap, mental retardation, diagnosis of mental handicap, psychological diag- nostic tools used in examinations in Poland



Małgorzata Kaczmarek
The pursuit of self-annihilation in females diagnosed with anorexia nervosa

Abstract:

The purpose of this paper was to look at anorexia from the perspective of the pursuit of self-annihilation. I studied the occurrence, importance and function of suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts, DSH, delicate self-mutilation, and attitudes towards life and death among patients with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. Forty girls participated in the study, 20 with a diagnosis of anorexia and 20 healthy subjects. Patients with anorexia were surveyed using Crumbough and Maholick’s The Purpose in Life Test (PIL), Spilberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Spilberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) and Orbach’s Multi-Attitude Suicide Tendency Scale (MAST). During research I also analyzed medical records and used a semi-structured interview which I had designed. On the basis of gathered material, I made a case study of each person with anorexia. Individuals of the non-clinical groups were studied using the MAST Scale only. Some subjects with a diagnosis of anorexia were experiencing all the indicators of pursuit of self-annihilation, which are more characteristic of girls diagnosed with binge eating/purging type of anorexia. In addition, studies have shown that patients diagnosed with anorexia exhibit a different attitude towards life and death as compared to healthy people. It seems that an analysis of collected material indicates the importance of pursuit of self- annihilation in the etiology of anorexia.



key words: anorexia nervosa, suicidal thoughts, suicidal attempts, deliberate self-harm, delicate self-mutilation, life and death attitudes


Year: 2009


Alicja Kuczyńska, Sylwia Maśko, Aleksandra Kuźnierska
Situational and Personality Considerations in Evaluating Potential Contact Situations with a Person of the Same or Opposite Sex

Abstract:

The purpose of the study was to verify whether formal characteristics of a situation in which people find themselves and selected subjective attributes of these persons could influence the evaluation of that situation regarding potential con- tact with the person of the same or opposite sex. The survey included formal and informal, symmetric and asymmetric situations in which the interaction partner was a stranger, an acquaintance, or a close person of the same and opposite sex to the person surveyed. Subjective attributes included social competences, psychological sex and self-esteem. In this quasi-experimental research 120 people (60 women and 60 men) took part. The results confirmed almost every hypothesis regarding main effects and provided interesting data which showed the interactive influence of studied variables upon the emotional, cognitive and behavioral aspects of the described estimations.



key words: evaluation of contact, sex and gender, formal/informal and symmetric/asymmetric situ- ations, stranger/acquaintance/close partner of contact, social competences, self-esteem



Małgorzata Górnik-Durose
Gender and Material Possessions in a Consumer Society

Abstract:

The article presents arguments proving that dealing with material goods and resources in a household is a gendered activity. The arguments concentrate on consumer behaviour-related issues, such as shopping activity, the importance attached to material possessions and the materialistic orientation among men and women. The author also discusses the problem of materialism in men and women, showing its different nature in the case of both sexes. The differences are explained in terms of the “delegation hypothesis,” which is, based on the assumption that materialism in men and women is involved in the context of their relationship and gender roles. Women delegate men to be materialistically concerned, while they maintain the female social image as the non-materialistic, caring and benevolent part of human kind. The author presents empirical findings from the study of socalled psychological mercantilism supporting this hypothesis.



key words: gender, materialism, consumer behaviour



Eugenia Mandal, Tomasz Kurzeja
Femininity and masculinity and perception of women and men in politics

Abstract:

In this article two research projects were presented about perceiving whether female politicians or male politicians were seen as being either feminine or masculine.
In the first research project (328 students: 207 women, 121 men) participants were supposed to estimate the competence and electoral chances of a male or a female politician, describing the traits of that politician as either feminine or masculine. Men viewed as masculine politicians, especially those holding high ranking positions, were evaluated more highly. It occurred that a high level of overt sexism is connected with the lower assessment of female politicians.
The aim of the second research project (40 individuals: 20 women, 20 men) was to measure the time needed to give a positive answer to questions about the willingness to vote, the assessment of the politician’s competence, and the electoral chances of the female politician who was described as being either feminine or masculine. People with high levels of modern sexism needed more time to declare their voting willingness for female politicians than did people with low levels of modern sexism.



key words: gender stereotype, femininity, masculinity, women in politics, modern sexism, overt sexism



Bożena Janda-Dębek
How women lie. A short review of researches done on the differences in the reasons for, frequency, and the essence of lying among men and women

Abstract:

This article is a review of various authors’ research concerning the current state of research on the reasons for, the frequency of, and the essence of lying in women. It’s an attempt to answer the questions (1) do men and women differ significantly in the frequency of lying, (2) are women more willing to lie than to tell the truth, (3) do women lie for different reasons than men, (4) do women feel better than men while lying, (5) do women detect lies better than men and—finally—(6) is the closeness of a relationship related to well-being during lying. Findings described in this article are based both on experiments and declarations of both sexes.



key words: lie, untruth, deception, lying frequency, essence of lying, detection of a lie, men, women



Eugenia Mandal
Gender and Influence Strategies Used by a Driver towards a Police Officer in the Situation of a traffic Violation

Abstract:

The article presents a study of influence strategies used by drivers towards police officers in order to avoid paying a ticket in the situation of a traffic violation. The problem was analysed from the gender perspective.
The subjects were 120 drivers (60 men and 60 women). The research was done using a projective method of the “paper-and-pencil” type containing drawings illustrating situations of traffic violations. The variables: police officer’s sex and driver’s sex were analysed.
Results showed that the strategies preferred towards a male police officer were the diminishing of one’s own fault and the one preferred towards a female police officer was creating a closeness atmosphere and triggering off a help principle. Sex differences referred to the tactic of financial bribery chosen mainly by male drivers and the tactic of bargaining preferred by female drivers.



key words: gender, social influence strategies, police psychology, traffic violation



Renata Rosmus
Sex and gender—attachment styles and forms of commitment

Abstract:

The subject of the study is to define the relationship between biological sex, psychological gender, the attachment style and the form of commitment. Study variables: biological sex, psychological gender (femininity, masculinity, androgyny and lack of sexual identification), attachment style (safe, anxious–ambivalent, avoidance) and form of commitment (affective, normative and continuance).
The study was based on the Polish Version of Allen’s and Meyer’s Organizational Commitment Scale; Sheiver’s, Hazan’s and Bradshaw’s method of describing attachment styles; and Kuczyńska’s Psychological Gender Inventory. One hundred and sixteen individuals aged 20–50 were examined (64 females and 52 males). The study proved significant but with low dependence on psychological gender, attachment styles and forms of commitment, and compliance with social expectations towards male and female behaviour, resulting from sex stereotypes.



key words: sex, psychological gender, attachment, style of attachment, commitment, interpersonal relationships, emotional relationships



Katarzyna Popiołek
Social support for couples with differing durations of marriage

Abstract:

This article contains a theoretical and empirical analysis of the temporary ground of support in marriage. It shows the changes in a husband and wife’s mutual support happening all along their marriage. The author applied two approaches in the research. One shows different functions of support as emotional, informational, and esteem while the other allows us to see how far the partners support each other in different areas of every day life: household duties, financial or health matters and so on. Also a subject of interest was the autoperception and mutual evaluation of a husband and wife as supporting people. The article suggests as well new directions in social support research which would step over established standards.



key words: social support, support in marriage, temporal perspective



Grażyna Mendecka
Partners’ Development in Marriages of Famous Writers

Abstract:

Marital life analysis of famous writers is an exemplification of creation and the role of marital union in the life and development of the human being. Marriage is considered to be an important step in the development of early adulthood (Havighurst, 1978). It is considered to be a long term interaction aiming at constant unity of two individuals, which is accomplished by reaching their goals and taking action. A close relationship stimulates the development of both partners of the dyad in sequential phases of their life. Marital interactions change feelings of protection, responsibility and self-acceptance. Famous writers were dedicated to their work, which demanded great intellectual effort. Happy marriage was considered to be a great value in their life; it allowed for writing at the expense of limited engagements into marital and parental duties. Concentration on their priority target resulted in exceptional development of their talents. The wives of famous writers, representing strong individuality and often representing a similar intellectual level, supplied their husbands with substantial support. Their share in the marriage and in the husbands’ career was appreciated socially, which is documented in biographies by Katherine Mann, Vera Nabokow and Nora James. Without losing their identity they would set their goal of life as supporting their outstanding husbands, that is, they would just ‘be wives’ instead of ‘having husbands’ as E. Fromm says. They showed maturity; as their husband’s popularity grew, they were able to adjust to their secondary position without losing their identities. Marital problems were typical for those wives who tried to compete with their husbands instead of complying with that secondary role in their lives.



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Bogna Bartosz, Edyta Zierkiewicz
Old age in the narratives of young and elderly women (an attempt at a narratives perspective presentation)

Abstract:

In this article we will try to find an answer to the question: what do women (young, but first of all old ones) say about the changes resulting from the ageing? How do they experience the time flow and how do they talk about their old age—about old age to come (young women) or the old age they are experiencing just now (old women). Through giving meaning to events, we participate in, as well as through future anticipation, those narratives which shape identity. The narratives of young and elderly women referring to old age and ageing enable them to adjust to inevitable current and anticipated changes: both psychophysical and psychological as they relate to one’s own self change in social and cultural environments. Talking about ourselves as about an old person neither protects us against disappointments, nor limits the number of encountered problems. However, it can help us to cope with trouble, discomfort, and unpleasantness, and to discover the advantages of life’s experiences gathered as we grow older. Your own reflectivity, distance and ability to (re)interpret you own life experiences and its irreversibilities may help you considerably.



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Year: 2007


Lidia Marek
Hope for and interpersonal relations from the point of view of megatrends

Abstract:

The paper describes interpersonal relations from the point of view of contemporary megatrends presented by J. Naisbitt. Attention focusses on looking for characteristic features of interpersonal contacts in the context of contemporary social, economic, political, and cultural changes. The paper attempts to indicate values, goals and means for exerting a positive influence and shaping social participation and peaceful co-existence between nations and cultures. An important category described in the paper is hope. It is described as a phenomenon which directly and favourably intervenes into the life of a contemporary man, and can significantly change his/her sense of security and feeling of being lost (also in interpersonal relations) and favourably fit into the megatrends implementation plan.



key words: nterpersonal relations, megatrends, values, hope



Agata Mleczko
Identity Problems of the Second Generation. Based on field research in the Chinese Diaspora in Milan (Italy)

Abstract:

The paper concerns some general conditions of development of the identity in the particular immigrant’s reality. The possible existence of the influence for the immigrant’s life trajectories and their potential identity profile choice is described. The presentation of the theories with the explanation of such a connection is limited to the Milan city case. The text consists of certain parts of individual biographical interviews with the Chinese second generation members collected by the author.



key words: immigration, identity, Chinese, Milan, second generation, adaptation, segmented as- similation, family migration project, guanxi



Małgorzata Gamian
On applying the knowledge on social influence techniques

Abstract:

The article contains a review of studies on sequential social influence techniques. A great body of research has proved that the foot-in-the-door, door-in-the-face and low-ball techniques are effective tools for marketing and charity uses. On the other hand, there is also data showing some limitations in the practice of these strategies. The possible reasons for both successes and failures in implementing social influence techniques in practice are discussed.



key words: social influence techniques, foot-in-the-door, door-in-the-face, low-ball technique



Katarzyna Byrka
When assertiveness does not prevail: Contextual dependence of self-presentational styles and their influence on likeability and competence

Abstract:

Self-presentational descriptions such as self-enhancement and modesty are embedded in a social context. Therefore, when applied improperly they may lead to an erroneous or an unfavorable impression. In this study, participants evaluated the likeability and the competence of a self-presenting partner either when a common pair task required mutual cooperation or when results and competence mattered. A self-presentational description was either self-enhancing or modest depending on the experimental conditions. In line with expectations, modesty was assessed better in the situation of cooperation, whereas a self- enhancing strategy was more effective when competence was central. The adapting of a self-presentational style to a social situation appeared to be an important factor in the assessment of a self-presenter.



key words: self-presentation, self-enhancement, modesty, competence, likeability



Agnieszka Popławska
Implicit learning – practical implications of empirical research

Abstract:

This article describes a process of implicit learning and its practical implementations. It also shows methods which are used in testing this process.
Implicit learning as a field of study in cognitive psychology began with A.S. Rebers«s work on artificial grammar learning in the late 1960s. From this time a numerous experimental methods were found for testing the process of implicit learning. Many of them looked like hermetic and laboratory procedures, which is far from natural human behavior. The aim of this work is to show a few research attempts in which authors prove that these methods can be used in more natural human conditions.



key words: cognition, cognitive processes, implicit learning, tacit knowledge, artificial grammar learning



Piotr Sorokowski, Andrzej Szmajke
How Does the “Red Win” Effect Work? The Role of Sportswear Colour During Sports Competitions

Abstract:

The influence of an athlete’s red outfit on the result of the sports competition has been analyzed during the Olympic Games in Athens. The results suggest that having a red outfit increased an athlete’s chances for winning (Hill, Barton, 2005). Assuming the realism of the „reds win” effect, the question of its mechanism remains unsolved. This article presents research, which tested the hypothesis that there is a difference in perception of the „blue” and the „red” competitor („red” competitor seems more redoubtable and dangerous to the opponent). In the context of the research, we may cautiously claim that the colour of sportswear may influence the perception of the opponent in a sports battle. The results are on a trend level, however, and reflect only the assumed results’ structure (the colour of T- shirts only influenced the evaluation of the competitors’ bravery and aggressiveness, with no changes in the perception of their technical and physical skills).



key words: colours in sport, “red win” effect, artificial red stimuli, boxing



Ștefan C. Liţă, Mihaela Grigoraș
The Role of Personality Traits In Police Leader’s Behaviour

Abstract:

Police personnel encounter stressful and unpleasant situations that could affect their mental health and also their leadership styles. The study examines the role of normal and pathological traits in police leader’s behaviour. The sample consists of 123 respondents, aged between 27 and 56 years, in different managerial positions in the Romanian Police. They completed MMPI-2, NEO PI R and Leader Behaviour Description Questionnaire XII. Factor analysis revealed that the 12 dimensions of LBDQ might be reduced to three factors that would constitute leadership styles in a police organization. We performed two hierarchical regression analyses, with LBDQ’s three factors as dependent variables and the Five Factor Model as independent variables. We used NEO PI R as a normal FFM measure and MMPI-2 as a clinical FFM measure and analysed their relation with police leaders’ behaviour. The results show that both normal and pathological scales account for the variance of the leadership styles, but the normal FFM measure explain more of the police leadership variance.



key words: police leadership, personality, LBDQ, NEO PI R, MMPI-2



Ineta Luka
Development of Students’ Intercultural Competence at the Tertiary Level

Abstract:

The research deals with the development of students’ intercultural competence as an integrative part of English for Special Purposes (ESP) competence. The aim of the research is to develop tourism students’ intercultural competence in ESP studies. The target study group consists of nine students of the Faculty of International Tourism of the School of Business Administration Turiba, Latvia. The following research methods were used: analysis of theoretical literature and sources, data collection methods (students’ self evaluation, students’ observations, students’ tests and teachers’ interviews), and quantitative and qualitative data analysis methods. The empirical study was conducted from 2003 to 2006. The results of the research showed a strong link between students’ intercultural competence and language competence. The author of the study offers proposals on how to develop students’ intercultural competence within language lessons.



key words: ESP competence, intercultural competence, professional competence, culture



Ieva Rudzinska
Problems of Preparedness for Taking Tests and a Self-assessment, based on the example of a Sports English study course

Abstract:

The comparison of students’ preparedness for taking tests in the Latvian Academy of Sport Education and another higher education institution (HEI) in Latvia is based on the determination of students’ self-esteem, will-power, emotional stability and anxiety. Another comparative study – that of first-year students’ self-assessment skills in two other Latvian HEIs – Latvian Academy of Sport Education and Ventspils HEI - reveals that students tend to over- evaluate or under-evaluate their competence in ESP - English for Special Purposes.



key words: self-assessment, self-esteem, test anxiety, willpower, attribution of success and failure, first-year students


Year: 2006


Agnieszka Widera-Wysoczańska
Incest Risk Factors in the Family: a Qualitative Study

Abstract:

This article describes a qualitative clinical investigation of the familial factors which could increase the danger of sexual abuse of daughters in Polish families where the active perpetrators are related to the child. The author’s clinical experience and the results of random studies (carried out on a group of 161 people with higher education) formed the basis of seeking answers to questions sought focused on a) the rules, roles, relationships, and beliefs existing in the victims’ incestuous families,b) the investigated women’s perceptions of their mothers’ maternal attitudes, and how the investigated women experienced themselves as mothers. Finally, c) the psychological treatment of persons from families with transmitted incest features.



key words: sexual abusing, incest risk



Henryk Pędziwiatr, Maria Czajkowska
The Results of Koch’s Tree Test Investigation for Persons Suffering from Illnesses. Connected with Intervals of the Cervical Spine

Abstract:

The psychological profile of the research group was analysed on the grounds of Ch. Koch’s Tree Drawing Test and it was described in the following categories: sense of security, attitude to the environment, attitude to oneself, and attitude to the somatic sphere and emotional sphere, pessimism, sense of threat, feeling of outer pressure, extraverion, and introversion. The research results show that there are significant disorders of a sense of security among the examined individuals; their attention is concentrated unilaterally either in the somatic or emotional sphere. The group also suffered from a deep sense of outside pressure and threat.



key words: neck lordosis; degenerative changes; somatic disease; somatic and emotional spheres; Koch’s Tree Test



Wiesław Ślósarz
Sexual Dysfunctions Therapy. A Short Guide for Psychologists

Abstract:

This paper is a short guide for psychologists working with sexual dysfunctional patients. The author concentrates on two main subjects: an awareness of applied methods of treatment, and distinguishing organic and functional origins of problems declared by patients looking for help.



key words: sexual dysfunction, therapy



Anita Stefańska
Using Theatrical Activities in the Process of Developing a Sense of Dignity Among Youth with Slight Mental Disabilities

Abstract:

The research project conducted in 2003/2004 by Anita Stefańska aimed at defining the effectiveness of theatrical activities in the process of developing a sense of dignity among slightly mentally disabled youth. The theatrical activities were based on a set of different activities which were repeated in a spiral cycle. In the research 21 pupils took part, who were selected from special classes at the Ostrów Wielkopolski vocational school.
The author assumed that a sense of dignity is connected with the evaluation of certain types of behavior, which result from the child’s will to realize some internal ethical norms leading to their undertaking certain activities (verbal or non-verbal) in situations with moral dilemmas. She assumed that the development of a sense of dignity depends on two factors: the first is the level of recognizing the social situation in which a moral status of the person is violated, and the second is the system of personal values. As the sense of dignity, she considers the relatively permanent and inseparable quality of autonomous human beings which enables them to use their minds to judge what is right and what is wrong, and react according to it. The specific structure of the theatrical activities should allow the child to show the core and range of these behaviors appearing in reality.
To achieve her research aim, she directed the theatrical activities so as to support the development of the subject’s abilities to understand and differentiate between dignified and undignified behaviors, as well as to plan their own actions with a sense of dignity according to their own system of values. To realize this aim the following actions, among others, were undertaken:
– Creating the possibility to behave with dignity, to present their own opinion and thoughts about the situation of moral choice, thus showing their personal values, sup- ported by real actions;
– Strivingtoactivatepersonaldignifiedbehaviorbyorganizingspecialtheatricalforms, co-creating these behaviors in scenic solutions;
– Creating straightforward plots for a performance, clear for the participants and accepted by them;
– Building strong personal relations among theatrical team members in a given task situation (responsibility for their own role and for the team, accepting the obstacles, difficulties, and feelings of others, ability to speak and listen to others).
Seven months of work resulted in the creation of a performance based on an improvised dramatization, in which each of its participants used different verbal artistic means to independently present their attitude towards the problematic situation. They gave their own opinions about the given situation, revealed their subjective attitude towards certain values, and finally found justification for their own choices.
The stages of realization of the performance included: practicing the general theatrical creativity, improvisations as a phase of preparation for creating certain roles, the analysis of content of tasks, working on building the scenic creations and real scenes, and realization of separate scenes as a whole. The performance consisted of eight pantomimic and scenic parts: The Lie, The Admission of a mistake, Defending one’s own way of reasoning despite others’ contrary opinions, Loyalty to others, Defending somebody in need, Flattery for one’s own profit, Boasting, and Acceptance of being humiliated.
In theatrical work an important issue is to define the circumstances arising from the performance and its subject matter. Searching and elaborating the artistic concept is a cumulative result of such factors as: performers’ emotions, problems, needs, their life experience, situation and personal relations, all of which have a significant influence on the final shape of the performance arising in a common creative process. The plot of the performance often changed under the performers’ authentic feelings created on the spur of the moment.
During the exercises the participants revealed some creativity in action, and discovered the importance of cooperation. The exercises had a positive influence on their emotions connected with kinesthetic experiences, and helped them to release stress and improve attention.
As a result of the research it was proved that a sense of dignity can be shaped and developed thanks to theatrical activities as shown by the data’s quantitative analysis.



key words: a sense of dignity, dignified and undignified behaviors, slightly mentally disabled, the- atrical activities, flattery



Beata Salomon
Coma as Perceived in the Union of Mind, Body and Soul

Abstract:

In the Greek language the word coma means deep dream. More and more often scientists conduct research confirming that comatose patients are far more aware than it has been claimed so far. In the world of medicine there appear precursory methods of waking up people from a coma. What is more, some psychologists, for example Amy and Arnold Mindell (founder of Process Oriented Psychology), show new methods of therapies. Working with a comatose patient should have interdisciplinary features. A therapist needs to know that this experience is a union of mind, body and soul...



key words: coma; process oriented psychology; crucial moments; consciousness; unconsciousness; individuation; rites of passage



Karolin Osuch, Michal Lewandowski
Personality and conflict management styles: synergy of nomothetic and idiomatic approach

Abstract:

The study was focused on relationship between personality and conflict management styles using both, person-centred and variable-centred, models. The synergy of this points of view allowed to understand studied problem deeper and more complex. It was hypothesized that, using nomothetic model, Big Five personality factors should correlate with five management styles, developed by Afzalur Rahim in Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory (ROCI II). Moreover, using idiomatic model, there should be correlation between main personality prototypes and conflict management styles confirm and complement to result of nomothetic analysis. In order to verify this hypothesis Polish version of ROCI II was prepared for this research and correlations between five conflict styles and five personality factors (assessed by NEO-FFI) questionnaire) were calculated. The results indicate that each conflict style is specifically related to Big Five personality traits and conflict management styles create bindings distinctive for each prototype.



key words: onflict management style (ROCI II); Big Five personality factors



Radosław Grzybek
Positive illusions in psychotherapy of depressive disorders

Abstract:

The article describes the author’s idea of using positive illusions in the treatment of people suffering from depression. Considering the reports of often recurring depressive episodes, it appears that the most frequently used psychotherapy methods, which originate in cognitive psychology and are based on correcting disfigurements in thought processes, are not sufficient. The idea introduced here, of equipping depressed individuals in positive illusions, could become a therapy complementary to the currently used cognitive-behavioural methods of treatment.



key words: depression; psychotherapy; positive illusions; realistic perception



Joanna Szeliga-Lewińska, Alina Wilkowska
Perceiving self-dissimilarity, the divergence between self-real and self-ideal in the structure of the world in patients with depression and their relation to the emotional style of coping with stress. A preliminary study

Abstract:

In our preliminary study we analyzed the structure of the world, self-esteem, based on differences of self–structure (self-real and self–ideal) in depressed patients and compared them with a healthy control group. The individual structure of the world defines our actions and the choosing of strategies to cope with difficult situations. The way a person deals with stress seems to play some role in the pathogenesis of depression.
Objective. The aim of this preliminary study was to look for specific features of the construct system in patients with depressive episodes and the patients’ relation to the style of coping with stress.
Methods. The method of describing an individual structure of the world and cognitive constructs which determine it, is the Repertory Grid Test (Fransella, Bannister,1977). The style of coping with stress was measured using the Polish version of Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) (Szczepaniak, Strelau, Wrześniewski, 1996). The constructs and the style of coping with stress were examined in a group of patients with the diagnosis of recurrent depressive disorder (n =15), and subsequently they were compared with normal controls of the general population (n=15).
Results. Patients with depression perceived themselves as different from other people. In comparison to healthy controls they described themselves as worthless and pessimistic. Their self–real differs from self-ideal to a greater extent. They choose the emotional style of coping with stress. Factor analysis shows an oversimplified view of the world in the depressed group. The schema “enemy-friendly” was spontaneously evoked by almost all depressive patients. Nobody from the control group evoked this construct.
Conclusions. Rigid and poor construction of the world, dissimilar and negative perception of themselves and a pessimistic attitude of patients with a recurrent depressive episode are related to their emotional style of coping with stress.



key words: depression; construct; construct system (construction system of the world); Repertory Grid; the style of coping with stress


Year: 2005


Nina Ogińska-Bulik
Perceived Job Stress, Personality Traits and Burnout Syndrome in Police Officers

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Joanna Mesjasz
Stress, Professional Burn-out and Psychological Costs - An Opportunity for New Quality?

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Zofia Pupin
Psychological Impact of the Flood on Children (PTSD)

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